Risk Factors for West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease, California, 2005

Jean, Cynthia; Honarmand, Somayeh; Louie, Janice K.; Glaser, Carol

doi:10.3201/eid1312.061265

Cited by 125 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, renal disease, and diabetes also have been identified as possible risk factors for severe WNV disease. 1,[5][6][7][13][14][15][16] However, findings have been inconsistent between previous studies, and many of these studies were performed on cohorts of hospitalized patients with relatively small sample sizes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 46%

“…Our results corroborated findings from previous studies that older age is associated with more severe WNV disease, particularly hospitalization and development of encephalitis. 1,3,[5][6][7][8] In our study, the risk of severe illness increased with increasing age above 60 years. Although we found an increased risk of severe illness among males, sex was not associated with development of encephalitis or meningitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Two previous studies evaluated risk factors for neuroinvasive disease among all WNV disease cases reported to state health departments. 5,6 The first of these studies described risk factors for development of WNV encephalitis and meningitis (separately) among 656 cases reported in Colorado in 2003. 5 However, because of relatively small numbers of patients with the outcomes of interest and low prevalence of medical conditions being studied, age and sex aORs were calculated, but multivariable modeling was not conducted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second study described risk factors for neuroinvasive disease among 880 patients with WNV disease reported in California in 2005. 6 Standardized data were only collected for two pre-existing medical conditions (hypertension and diabetes); information about other underlying conditions was collected through an open-ended question about past medical history. This work noted that age 64 years, male sex, and diabetes were identified as independent risk factors for neuroinvasive disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4] The risk of WNV neuroinvasive disease increases with age and is highest among older adults. 1,3,[5][6][7] Among patients with neuroinvasive disease, patients aged 50 years have substantially higher case fatality rates and are more likely to be reported as cases of encephalitis compared with younger patients. 8 With the exception of increased age, risk factors for poor outcomes among persons infected with WNV have not been clearly defined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Medical Risk Factors for Severe West Nile Virus Disease, United States, 2008–2010

Lindsey¹,

Staples²,

Lehman³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. We conducted enhanced surveillance to identify medical risk factors for severe illness (i.e., hospitalization or death) and neuroinvasive disease (i.e., encephalitis or meningitis) among all West Nile virus disease cases reported from selected states from 2008 to 2010. Of the 1,090 case-patients included in the analysis, 708 (65%) case-patients were hospitalized, 641 (59%) case-patients had neuroinvasive disease, and 55 (5%) case-patients died. Chronic renal disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-12.1), history of cancer (aOR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.8-7.5), history of alcohol abuse (aOR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.3-6.7), diabetes (aOR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.4-3.4), and hypertension (aOR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1-2.1) were independently associated with severe illness on multivariable analysis. Although the same medical conditions were independently associated with encephalitis, only hypertension was associated with meningitis. The only condition independently associated with death was immune suppression. Prevention messages should be targeted to persons with these conditions.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Medical Risk Factors for Severe West Nile Virus Disease, United States, 2008–2010

Lindsey¹,

Staples²,

Lehman³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases

2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary The intensity and prevalence of viral infections are typically higher in males, whereas disease outcome can be worse for females. Females mount higher innate and adaptive immune responses than males, which can result in faster clearance of viruses, but also contributes to increased development of immunopathology. In response to viral vaccines, females mount higher antibody responses and experience more adverse reactions than males. The efficacy of antiviral drugs at reducing viral load differs between the sexes, and the adverse reactions to antiviral drugs are typically greater in females than males. Several variables should be considered when evaluating male/female differences in responses to viral infection and treatment: these include hormones, genes, and gender-specific factors related to access to, and compliance with, treatment. Knowledge that the sexes differ in their responses to viruses and to treatments for viral diseases should influence the recommended course of action differently for males and females.

show abstract

Sex‐based differences in severity and mortality in COVID‐19

Alwani

Yassin

Al‐Zoubi

et al. 2021

Reviews in Medical Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary The current coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has a male bias in severity and mortality. This is consistent with previous coronavirus pandemics such as SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV, and viral infections in general. Here, we discuss the sex‐disaggregated epidemiological data for COVID‐19 and highlight underlying differences that may explain the sexual dimorphism to help inform risk stratification strategies and therapeutic options.

show abstract

Risk Factors for West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease, California, 2005

Cited by 125 publications

References 7 publications

Medical Risk Factors for Severe West Nile Virus Disease, United States, 2008–2010

Medical Risk Factors for Severe West Nile Virus Disease, United States, 2008–2010

Sex influences immune responses to viruses, and efficacy of prophylaxis and treatments for viral diseases

Sex‐based differences in severity and mortality in COVID‐19

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About