Risk factors for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carriage in domestic animals of semirural parishes east of Quito, Ecuador

Abstract

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and other antimicrobial resistant (AR) Escherichia coli threaten human and animal health worldwide. This study examined risk factors for domestic animal colonization with ceftriaxone-resistant (CR) and ESBL-producing E. coli in semirural parishes east of Quito, Ecuador, where small-scale food animal production is common. Survey data regarding household characteristics, animal care, and antimicrobial use were collected from 304 households over three sampling cycles, and 1195 environmental animal fecal samples were assessed for E. coli presence and antimicrobial susceptibility. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess potential risk factors for CR and ESBL-producing E. coli carriage. Overall, CR and ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in 56% and 10% of all fecal samples, respectively. The odds of CR E. coli carriage were greater among dogs at households that lived within a 5 km radius of more than 5 commercial food animal facilities (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.15–2.58) and lower among dogs living at households that used antimicrobials for their animal(s) based on veterinary/pharmacy recommendation (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04–0.96). Increased odds of canine ESBL-producing E. coli carriage were associated with recent antimicrobial use in any household animal (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.02–7.10) and purchase of antimicrobials from pet food stores (OR 6.83, 95% CI 1.32–35.35). Food animals at households that owned more than 3 species (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42–0.97), that used antimicrobials for growth promotion (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19–0.89), and that obtained antimicrobials from pet food stores (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25–0.89) had decreased odds of CR E. coli carriage, while food animals at households with more than 5 people (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.23–3.99) and located within 1 km of a commercial food animal facility (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.08–6.12) had increased odds of ESBL-producing E. coli carriage. Together, these results highlight the complexity of antimicrobial resistance among domestic animals in this setting.

Antimicrobial resistance and associated risk factors in Escherichia coli isolated from Peruvian dogs: A focus on extended-spectrum β-lactamases and colistin

“…Our results are consistent with the increase in ESBL-producing E. coli reported in dogs worldwide, mainly related to the high use of β-lactams in clinical practice in veterinary medicine [34,35]. The percentage of samples possessing ESBL-producing E. coli was 13.3%, similar to other countries in the region, such as Ecuador [36]. In the comparison among isolates, we found 34.3% of ESBL producers, which is a lower percentage than that reported in Thailand [10].…”

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Stools of Primary Healthcare Patients in Ethiopia

“…ESBL-producing E. coli are a major cause of antimicrobial-resistant infections and pose a major threat worldwide as they can cause infections that are difficult to treat in animals and humans [38]. The overall percentage of ESBL-producing E. coli strains in this study was 8.5%.…”

Molecular detection of plasmid mediated blaTEM, blaCTX−M,and blaSHV genes in Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli from clinical samples

“…In contrast to our results, Fanta et al reported 73% E. coli isolates were ceftriaxone-resistant [ 11 ]. This may be due to the irrational use of third-generation cephalosporins [ 12 ]. However, a significant degree of susceptibility was found to nitrofurantoin followed by amikacin and gentamicin.…”