Risk Factors for Suicide Completion in Borderline Personality Disorder

Aggressiveness, social support and school experiences as dimensions differentiating negative and positive adaptation among adolescents

“…impulsivity -Neuhaus & Beauchaine, 2013), insecure attachment patterns (Zucker et al, 2003), disordered affect regulation and weakened impulse control (Clarkin & Posner, 2005;Coan & Allen, 2008;Fajkowska-Stanik & Marszał-Wiśniewska, 2004), adverse environmental conditions (war, disease in the family, poverty, social isolation of the family -Wiliams, Konger, & Blozis, 2007), dysfunction of the family unit or the individual (Borecka-Biernat, 2000, 2003Dishon, French, & Patterson 1995;Kucharewicz, 2015) as well as prior experiences such as being affected by violence (Alink & Egeland, 2013;Perry, 2008), problems at school (Valjaranta, Tolvanen, Aunola, & Nurmi, 2014) or negative effects of peer pressure (Elliot, 1994;Österman et al, 1994;Thornberry, Lizotte, Krohn, Farnworth, & Jang, 1994). Furthermore, key determinants for the development of mental health disorders are recognized to comprise processes arising from interactions of previous factors in interpersonal relationships or in relation to social tasks and challenges such as fear of rejection or instability of family relationships (Eisenberg, Zhou, Spinrad, Valiente, Fabes, & Liew, 2005), hostility understood as a personality trait and/ or abnormally increased anger manifested at the behavioural level (McGirr, Paris, Lesage, Renaud, & Turecki, 2007;McGirr et al, 2008), which may find its expression either in externalizing behaviours (frequent dissatisfaction, oppositional behaviours, physical confrontations) or in the form of internalization (intensive dysphoria, irritability, anxiety, emotional lability). A meta-analysis of studies investigating factors which determine adoption of the role of perpetrator of peer violence (Smith, 2011) demonstrated that the role is more commonly assumed by adoles-cents with a higher-than-average level of anxiety and sadness, and a lower level of self-esteem.…”

Impulsivity and Suicidal Ideation or Attempt in Younger and Older Adults

“…Further supporting age differences in impulsivity among individuals who die by suicide, McGirr et al (2007) studied 645 cases of death by suicide. Using age as a continuous variable, no relation was found between age and BIS-11 score among control group participants.…”

“…Reactive aggression is an impulsive, often non-rational reaction to a sudden, perceived threat (Gvion & Apter, 2011). In contrast, impulsivity is not always a response to a threat but may lead an individual to act without planning or considering the consequences, or to generally be uninhibited (McGirr, Paris, Lesage, Renaud, & Turecki, 2007). Aggression may be impulsive or planned, and an impulsive act may or may not be aggressive (Garcia-Forero, Gallardo-Pujol, Maydeu-Olivares, & Andres-Pueyo, 2009).…”

“…Turecki (2005) noted that impulsivity is related to personality disorders and general comorbidity, the result of patterns begun early in life. Older adult suicide, compared to younger suicide, has been shown to be more related to depression, recurrent depressive episodes and dysthymia, physical illness, and to be the result of a planned act (Beautrais, 2002, McGirr et al, 2007.…”

“…Previous studies suggest that young people who attempt or die by suicide are likely to be generally impulsive in many areas of their lives (e.g., McGirr 2007). The link between impulsivity and suicidal behavior, in the context of depression or other psychopathology, has been firmly established in younger adults.…”