Risk factors for strabismus in children born before 32 weeks' gestation

Pennefather, P M; Clarke, Michael; Strong, Nicholas; Cottrell, D G; Dutton, Jonathan J.; Tin, Win

doi:10.1136/bjo.83.5.514

Cited by 60 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This issue has been addressed in a number of studies by multifactorial analysis; however, the risk factors identified include cicatricial ROP, refractive error, family history, birth weight, anisometropia, maternal age, smoking, ethnic origin, and general development quotient, with all factors being independently associated with strabismus. 41,42,44,50 This considerable disparity in risk factors highlights the complexity of identifying those children at greatest risk of developing strabismus.…”

Section: Strabismusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ophthalmological problems associated with preterm birth

O’Connor

Wilson

Fielder

2007

Eye

142

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As survival of preterm infants improves, the long-term care of consequent ophthalmic problems is an expanding field. Preterm birth can inflict a host of challenges on the developing ocular system, resulting in the visual manifestations of varied significance and pathological scope. The ophthalmic condition most commonly associated with preterm birth is retinopathy of prematurity, which has the potential to result in devastating vision loss. However, the visual compromise from increased incidence of refractive errors, strabismus, and cerebral vision impairment has significant impact on visual function, which also has influence on other developmental aspects including psychological and educational. In this review, the normal ocular development is discussed, aiming to exemplify the impact of early exteriorisation on one of the more naive organs of prematurity. This is then related to the incidence and visual consequences of many types of deficit, including refractive error, strabismus, and loss of visual function in preterm populations, with comparisons to term infant studies. Often these conditions are linked with causal and resultant factors being impossible to segregate, but the common factor of increased rates of all types of ophthalmic deficits demonstrates that children born prematurely are indeed premature for life.

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Section: Strabismusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is no disputing the increased prevalence of strabismus in the low birth weight population compared to children born at term, [40][41][42] but the pattern of development and aetiology are less clear.…”

Section: Strabismusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ophthalmological problems associated with preterm birth

O’Connor

Wilson

Fielder

2007

Eye

142

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Strabismus can cause abnormal binocularity and amblyopia, necessitating amblyopia therapy, spectacle wear, and/or surgical procedures. 6 Additionally, there may be psychosocial consequences from the cosmetic effect of misaligned eyes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Course of Strabismus in the First Year of Life for Infants With Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity

et al. 2006

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To present strabismus data for premature infants with prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) enrolled in the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity study.Design: The prevalence of strabismus was tabulated for all of the infants with high-risk prethreshold disease who participated in the randomized trial of the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity study and were examined at 6 and/or 9 months' corrected age as well as for all of the infants with low-risk prethreshold disease who were examined at 6 months' corrected age.Main Outcome Measures: Presence or absence of strabismus at 6 and 9 months' corrected age.Results: The prevalence of strabismus at 6 months was higher for infants with high-risk prethreshold ROP than for those with low-risk prethreshold ROP (20.3% vs 9.6%, respectively; PϽ.001). Risk factors associated with the de-velopment of strabismus at 9 months include abnormal fixation behavior, presence of amblyopia, and outborn birth status (ie, born outside of a study-affiliated hospital). At 9 months, 30% of infants with high-risk prethreshold ROP had strabismus, although only 42% showed strabismus at 6 months. Thirty percent of infants with strabismus at 6 months showed normal alignment at 9 months.Conclusions: Infants with high-risk prethreshold ROP show significant variability in the presence vs absence of strabismus in the first year of life; thus, conservative management is recommended.Application to Clinical Practice: Ophthalmologists managing strabismus in infants who have high-risk prethreshold ROP should be aware of the significant variability in ocular alignment during the first year of life.

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“…There is no doubt about the greatest prevalence of strabismus in premature children compared to those born at term, although the etiological process is not very clear. There are several studies that show the association between prematurity and born of low weight (<2500 g) and strabismus, probably due to lack of maturity of the cortical areas related to vision and eye movements, despite the mechanisms [10][11][12][13][14] . In active or passive maternal smoking, there was also no significant association to ET (p=0.50) or XT (p=0.32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical forms and risk factors associated with strabismus in visual binocularity

Rocha¹,

Sanches²,

Pessoa³

et al. 2016

Revista Brasileira De Oftalmologia

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RESUMOObjetivo: Identificar e analisar fatores de risco associados ao estrabismo, dados oftalmológicos e antecedentes pessoais e familiares. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, descritivo e analítico realizado com 240 pacientes que consultaram pela primeira vez nos ambulatórios de estrabismo. Foram avaliadas a frequência e associação entre estrabismo, dados de exames oftalmológicos e antecedentes pessoais e familiares para identificação dos fatores de risco. Resultados: Observou-se maior prevalência de estrabismo em mulheres (56,96%) em relação aos homens (43,02%). A faixa etária mais atendida no ambulatório de estrabismo foi composta de crianças até 15 anos de idade (83,54%). Encontrou-se mais esotropia (55,27%) que exotropia (42,20%) e parcela menor de estrabismo vertical isolado (2,53%). A prematuridade foi associada ao estrabismo convergente (p=0,023) e não ao divergente (p=0,086). O diabetes mellitus materno foi associado à esotropia (p=0,024) e exotropia (p=0,036) no filho, mas a hipertensão arterial materna, uso de medicamentos para hipertensão e diabetes durante a gravidez e drogas ilícitas não foram estatisticamente significativos. Pacientes com paralisia cerebral tiveram mais associação com exotropia (p=0,008) que esotropia (p=0,019). Malformações congênitas, consanguinidade entre os pais e traumas oculares não apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa para o estrabismo. A maioria dos pacientes com estrabismo apresentou boa acuidade visual corrigida e fundoscopia normal. Na análise de proporções a hipermetropia foi mais frequente na esotropia (68,7%). Conclusão: Os fatores de riscos internos e externos podem interferir na formação e desenvolvimento do olho na fase de plasticidade ocular, com prejuízo da binocularidade visual, podendo resultar em estrabismo. Há divergências com relação aos fatores de risco realmente associados e mais estudos são necessários para a identificação. Institutions where the study was carried out:

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Risk factors for strabismus in children born before 32 weeks' gestation

Cited by 60 publications

References 19 publications

Ophthalmological problems associated with preterm birth

Ophthalmological problems associated with preterm birth

Prevalence and Course of Strabismus in the First Year of Life for Infants With Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity

Clinical forms and risk factors associated with strabismus in visual binocularity

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