Risk Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection Severity in Abu Dhabi

Abstract

Background Prediction models are essential for informing screening, assessing prognosis, and examining options for treatment. This study aimed to assess the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection severity in the Abu Dhabi population. Methods This is a mixed retrospective cohort study and case–control study to explore the associated factors of receiving treatment in the community, being hospitalized, or requiring complex hospital care among patients with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Of 641 patients included, 266 were hospitalized; 135 were hospitalized and either died or required complex care, i.e., required ICU admission, intubation, or oxygen and 131 did not develop severe disease requiring complex care. The third group (“controls”) were 375 patients who were not hospitalized. Logistic regression analyses were used to study predictors of disease severity. Results Among hospitalized patients older age and low oxygen saturation at admission were the consistent and strongest predictors of an adverse outcome. Risk factors for the death in addition to age and low oxygen saturation were elevated white blood count and low reported physical activity. Chronic kidney disease and diabetes were also associated with more severe disease in logistic regression. The mortality rate among those with less than 30 min per week of physical activity was 4.9%, while the mortality rate was 0.35% for those with physical activity > 30 min at least once a week. The interval from the onset of symptoms to admission and mortality was found to have a significant inverse relationship, with worse survival for shorter intervals. Conclusion Oxygen saturation is an important measure that should be introduced at screening sites and used in the risk assessment of patients with SARS-CoV-2. In addition, an older age was a consistent factor in all adverse outcomes, and other factors, such as low physical activity, elevated WBC, CKD, and DM, were also identified as risk factors.

Effects of physical activity on the severity of illness and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In all, 1 618 680 subjects were adults. Five studies used cross-sectional designs ( Halabchi et al, 2021 ; Tavakol et al, 2021 ; Yuan et al, 2021 ; Tret’yakov et al, 2020 ; Latorre-Román et al, 2021 ), 12 had cohort study designs ( Sallis et al, 2021 ; Cho et al, 2021 ; Lee et al, 2021 ; Hamrouni et al, 2021 ; Ahmadi et al, 2021 ; Hamer et al, 2020 ; Maltagliati et al, 2021 ; Malisoux et al, 2022 ; Baynouna Alketbi et al, 2021 ; Rowlands et al, 2021 ; Salgado-Aranda et al, 2021 ; Pinto et al, 2021 ), and only one employed a case-control design ( Ekblom-Bak et al, 2021 ). We discovered four studies in the United Kingdom: Hamrouni et al, 2021 ; Ahmadi et al, 2021 ; Hamer et al, 2020 ; and Rowlands et al, 2021 .…”

“…Meanwhile, four studies were conducted in Europe: Latorre-Román et al, 2021 ; Salgado-Aranda et al, 2021 ; Ekblom-Bak et al, 2021 ; and Malisoux et al, 2022 . In the meantime, six studies were carried out in Asia ( Halabchi et al, 2021 ; Tavakol et al, 2021 ; Cho et al, 2021 ; Lee et al, 2021 ; Yuan et al, 2021 ; Baynouna AlKetbi et al, 2021 ). Besides that, three studies were discovered in the United States ( Sallis et al, 2021 ), Brazil ( Pinto et al, 2021 ), and Russia ( Tret’yakov et al, 2020 ).…”

“…In terms of focus, 10 studies investigated the impacts of PA on mortality ( Ahmadi et al, 2021 ; Baynouna AlKetbi et al, 2021 ; Cho et al, 2021 ; Ekblom-Bak et al, 2021 ; Halabchi et al, 2021 ; Hamrouni et al, 2021 ; Lee et al, 2021 ; Pinto et al, 2021 ; Sallis et al, 2021 ; Yuan et al, 2021 ), and 14 studies reported the severity of the disease ( Tavakol et al, 2021 ; Yuan et al, 2021 ; Tret’yakov et al, 2020 ; Sallis et al, 2021 ; Lee et al, 2021 ; Hamer et al, 2020 ; Maltagliati et al, 2021 ; Latorre-Román et al, 2021 ; Malisoux et al, 2022 ; Ekblom-Bak et al, 2021 ; Baynouna AlKetbi et al, 2021 ; Rowlands et al, 2021 ; Salgado-Aranda et al, 2021 ; Pinto et al, 2021 ). Variations in PA or exercise intervention were observed across the 18 studies.…”

“…Five studies used cross-sectional designs (Halabchi et al, 2021;Tavakol et al, 2021;Yuan et al, 2021;Tret'yakov et al, 2020;Latorre-Román et al, 2021), 12 had cohort study designs (Sallis et al, 2021;Cho et al, 2021;Lee et al, 2021;Hamrouni et al, 2021;Ahmadi et al, 2021;Hamer et al, 2020;Maltagliati et al, 2021;Malisoux et al, 2022;Baynouna Alketbi et al, 2021;Rowlands et al, 2021;Salgado-Aranda et al, 2021;Pinto et al, 2021), and only one employed a casecontrol design (Ekblom-Bak et al, 2021). We discovered four studies in the United Kingdom: Hamrouni et al, 2021;Ahmadi et al, 2021;Hamer et al, 2020;and Rowlands et al, 2021. Meanwhile, four studies were conducted in Europe: Latorre-Román et al, 2021;Salgado-Aranda et al, 2021;Ekblom-Bak et al, 2021;and Malisoux et al, 2022. In the meantime, six studies were carried out in Asia (Halabchi et al, 2021;Tavakol et al, 2021;Cho et al, 2021;Lee et al, 2021;Yuan et al, 2021;Baynouna AlKetbi et al, 2021). Besides that, three studies were discovered in the United States (Sallis et al, 2021), Brazil (Pinto et al, 2021), andRussia (Tret'yakov et al, 2020).…”

Association of physical activity and the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization: a dose–response meta-analysis

“…The steps for retrieval and inclusion are shown in Fig 1 . The characteristics of the literature are listed in Table 1. Among the 17 studies, 3 were from North America [10,19,20], 7 were from Asia [11,12,21,22,23,24,25], 6 were from Europe [26,27,28,29,30,31], and 1 was from Oceania [32]. The NOS was used to score the included studies.…”