Risk factors for postnatal mother–child transmission of HIV-1

Embreé, Joanne; Njenga, Simon; Datta, Pratibha; Nagelkerke, Nico; Ndinya‐Achola, Jeckoniah; Mohammed, Zeena; Ramdahin, Sue; Bwayo, Job J.; Plummer, Francis A.

doi:10.1097/00002030-200011100-00016

Cited by 157 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The difference of the result may be due to, PMTCT services are recently integrated to ANC service and the service is being strengthened from time to time [21][22][23][24]. A large proportion of study subjects (91.1%) were aware of infant feeding option of HIV positive mothers which is in concordance with the study conducted in Addis Ababa, Gurage zone, which confirmed most respondents around 80% were aware of the recommended feeding option of infants below six months old born from HIV positive women [20,23].…”

Section: Variablessupporting

confidence: 73%

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Assessment of Infant Feeding Practice Among HIV Positive Mothers and HIV Status of Their Infants in Adama Hospital, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2016

Mengistu¹,

Kedir²

2017

J Preg Child Health

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Background: Vertical transmission is Human immunodeficiency virus transmission from a human immunodeficiency virus-positive mother to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding. In the absence of an intervention during these times, rates of Human immunodeficiency virus transmission from mother-to-child can be between 15-45%.Objective: To assess the infant Feeding Practice of human immunodeficiency virus positive mothers and examine Human immunodeficiency virus status of their infants. Methods:A cross sectional study was done in Adama Hospital in Antiretroviral therapy clinic and prevention of Mother to child transmission of Human immune deficiency virus clinic from January 1-30, 2016 by simple random sampling technique through face-to-face interview using interviewer administered structured questionnaire. A total of 327 women who are living with Human immunodeficiency virus having infants less than 12 months who were visiting health institution during data collection time was recruited and assessed for infant feeding practice and Human immunodeficiency virus status of their infant. The collected data was entered into a computer and cleaned analyzed using statistical package for the social science Version 16. Results:Of the 327 subjects, the proportion of mothers who experienced Exclusive replacement feeding, Exclusive breast feeding and mixed feeding were 46.8%, 30.6%, 15.3%, respectively. A range of social and obstetrics factors such as mode of delivery were noted to have significant Relation with Exclusive replacement feeding practice. There was statistically significant association between mode of delivery and Exclusive breast-feeding practice using chi square test. Among those infants who were delivered from human immune deficiency virus infected mothers participated in this study, 6.1% of them were positive for Human immune deficiency virus. Conclusion:Exclusive replacement feeding and Exclusive breast feeding were common infant feeding practices and no distinct difference of Human immunodeficiency virus status of infants was observed between Exclusive breast feeding and Exclusive replacement feeding.between 15-45%. MTCT can be nearly prevented if both the mother and the child are provided with ARV drugs throughout the stages when infection could occur [1].According to the federal HIV/AIDS prevention and control office of Ethiopia, there were a total of 433,763 HIV positive females and 65,088 HIV positive children 0-14 years in 2016. When we see the regional figure, Oromia is the highest, having a total number of 111,053 female HIV positives and 9,540 women who are in need of PMTCT. when we see the level of knowledge about Maternal to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) based on the Ethiopian demographic health survey of 2016, it was found 51.7% and this result is the 3 rd least result compared to all regions of Ethiopia [2,3].

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Section: Variablessupporting

confidence: 73%

“…This may be due to small number of HIV positive samples and methodological differences even though the finding is similar from South Africa findings. The median age of infants during HIV test in this study was 3 months [18][19][20].…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Infant Feeding Practice Among HIV Positive Mothers and HIV Status of Their Infants in Adama Hospital, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2016

Mengistu¹,

Kedir²

2017

J Preg Child Health

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“…Breast milk viral load is an important determinant of postnatal HIV transmission [3,[10][11][12][13] and is associated with high plasma viral load [14,15], advanced HIV disease [16,17], and mastitis [7,10]. Increases in mammary epithelial permeability which accompanies weaning in animals [18,19] and humans [20,21] may also increase breast milk viral load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-weaning breast milk HIV-1 viral load, blood prolactin levels and breast milk volume

Thea

Aldrovandi

Kankasa

et al. 2006

Aids

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“…HIV 2 lower risk control women (HIV 2 LR) (n = 20) with no history of sex work and only one sexual partner for the last 6 mo before this study were recruited through a Maternal Health Clinic based at the Pumwani Maternity Hospital (25,26). General inclusion criteria were age at least 18 y, uterus and cervix present, not actively menstruating, no symptomatic or clinically apparent cervical inflammation, willingness to undergo ectocervical biopsy collection, and to abstain from vaginal sex during a healing period of 2 wk.…”

Section: Study Populations and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable CD4 Expression and Local Immune Activation in the Ectocervical Mucosa of HIV-Infected Women

Hirbod

Kimani

Tjernlund

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

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Studies using genital tissue samples from HIV-infected women might provide important information about HIV susceptibility and transmission. In this study, ectocervical biopsies were obtained from 20 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) Kenyan female sex workers (FSW) and 20 HIV-seronegative lower risk (HIV− LR) women. To control for the impact of sex work, 20 HIV− FSW were also recruited. Immune molecules were assessed in situ by immunohistochemistry and for mRNA expression by quantitative PCR. The HIV+ women were reportedly infected for a median of 3 y (1–21 y), with a median viral load of 11,735 copies/ml (20–648,000 copies/ml). These women had significantly lower CD4 blood cell counts than the HIV− LR women but comparable levels of CD4 expression in ectocervix. Whereas cellular markers were similar between the HIV+ group and the HIV− LR women, the HIV-binding molecules CCR5, dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin, and mannose receptor as well as the inflammatory markers CD69, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-22 were significantly upregulated in the HIV+ group. As compared with the HIV− FSW women, the HIV+ women had significantly upregulated levels of CD4, CD3, CCR5, Langerin, dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin, and mannose receptor as well as inflammatory cytokines. The CD4 cell depletion previously seen in the gut mucosa of HIV-infected individuals was thus not observed in the ectocervical mucosa. Stable CD4 cell expression and local immune activation in the lower female genital tract may promote viral replication and genital shedding and increase the risk of sexual HIV transmission.

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Risk factors for postnatal mother–child transmission of HIV-1

Cited by 157 publications

References 49 publications

Assessment of Infant Feeding Practice Among HIV Positive Mothers and HIV Status of Their Infants in Adama Hospital, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2016

Assessment of Infant Feeding Practice Among HIV Positive Mothers and HIV Status of Their Infants in Adama Hospital, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2016

Post-weaning breast milk HIV-1 viral load, blood prolactin levels and breast milk volume

Stable CD4 Expression and Local Immune Activation in the Ectocervical Mucosa of HIV-Infected Women

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