Risk factors for ocular surface disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus

A Comparitive Study of Changes in Tear Film Function in Normal and Type Ii Diabetic Subjects in South Indian Population

“…In some studies, total and reflex tear secretions were significantly reduced, but basal tear secretion and tear film BUT did not change. 10, 14 However, other studies reported a decrease in basal tear secretion and BUT 17,18,19 Dogru et al 8 reported that BUT and basal tear secretion were decreased, especially in diabetes with poor metabolic control and peripheral neuropathy, but they were not related to the duration of diabetes or the stage of retinopathy, suggesting a neuropathy involving the innervation of the lacrimal gland. Ozemir et al 19 reported that abnormal tear function tests were associated with poorer metabolic glucose control, panretinal argon laser photocoagulation, and PDR.…”

Optical quality of the diabetic eye: a review

“…17,19,21,22 Although the mechanisms of these changes in the ocular surface with DM are still unclear, some studies suggest that diabetic neuropathy affects the innervation of the lachrymal gland and that the fluctuation in the glycaemic control could affect the ocular surface and lachrymal gland secretory function, causing a decrease in basal tear secretion and TBUT. 17,20,21 However, other studies showed that basal tear secretion and TBUT values do not change, but total and reflex tear secretions are significantly reduced in subjects with DM, suggesting that the decreased reflex tearing is due to a diminished sensitivity in cornea and conjunctiva. 16,22 Usually the aforementioned findings are accompanied by globet cell loss and conjunctival squamous metaplasia.…”

“…[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Some ocular manifestations of DM are associated with lachrymal gland dysfunction and have been related to dry eye. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that people with DM are more vulnerable to dry eye than healthy subjects.…”

“…Several clinical studies have demonstrated that people with DM are more vulnerable to dry eye than healthy subjects. [16][17][18][19] In people with DM, the most frequent and measurable alterations of the tear film function are reduced tear secretion, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] tear film instability (tear film break-up time (TBUT)), 17,18,20,21 higher degree of conjunctival squamous metaplasia, [16][17][18]21 lower globet cell density, 17,21 and reduced corneal sensitivity. 17,19,21,22 Although the mechanisms of these changes in the ocular surface with DM are still unclear, some studies suggest that diabetic neuropathy affects the innervation of the lachrymal gland and that the fluctuation in the glycaemic control could affect the ocular surface and lachrymal gland secretory function, causing a decrease in basal tear secretion and TBUT.…”

“…86,87 Even though there are no studies evaluating the impact that these factors could have on HOAs in people with DM, these do have a thicker and more convex lens, [54][55][56] can develop premature cataracts, [9][10][11] and suffer a series of changes associated with lachrymal gland dysfunction and dry eye syndrome. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Patients with DM who undergo laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis are also at a significantly higher risk of developing postoperative epithelial complications, and refractive results tend to be worse compared with healthy people. 88 Few authors have investigated HOAs in people with DM.…”