Risk factors for occurrence and recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers among Iraqi diabetic patients

Mohammed, Sawsan Rasheed; Mikhael, Ehab Mudher; Ahmed, Fadia Thamir; Al-Tukmagi, Haydar F.; Jasim, Ali L.

doi:10.3402/dfa.v7.29605

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…The reasons might be the unequal number of patients in the two groups (those developing foot ulcer were 356 as opposed to 1696 who did not develop foot ulcer). This finding was compatible with other studies like Yazdanpanah et al12 a prospective cohort study done in Iran and Mohammed et al6 a cross sectional study done in Iraqi patients. Sample size was low in both these studies as compared to our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Poor compliance and dyslipidemia were found statistically significant risk factors for DFU. However, some studies did not found them associated with diabetic foot ulcer 6. Another finding of this study was predominance of male patients developing DFU.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

“…However, there was lack of sufficient research data available which could specifically highlight the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in relation to different risk factors, including medication being used by the patient. It was part of a study done in Iraq which showed that patients using a combination of insulin and oral antidiabetic agents were more prone to develop diabetic foot ulcer 6. The same finding was observed in an Indian study which showed that usage of a combination of insulin plus oral hypoglycemic agents to be the most important risk factor 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…It resulted in poor glycemic control and hence increased risk of DFU. On the other hand, Mohammed et al6 contradicted with this findings. He emphasized that an increase in demand for glycemic control, increased patient’s compliance with medical advice 14.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In order to prevent this morbidity, many studies were conducted globally by investigators to find out the risk factors contributing to occurrence and recurrence of foot ulcers in diabetic patients 6. However, there was lack of sufficient research data available which could specifically highlight the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in relation to different risk factors, including medication being used by the patient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can we link foot ulcer with risk factors in diabetics? A study in a tertiary care hospital

Khan¹,

Azhar²,

Zubair³

et al. 2018

Pak J Med Sci

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Objective:Although many studies worldwide explained the risk factors for developing Diabetic Foot Ulceration (DFU), little has been done to assess medical factors in DFU formation and link them in patients of Pakistan. This study aimed to link the DFU with different risk factors.Methods:This descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted in Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolic Centre / Post Graduate Medical Institute / Lahore General Hospital. Data of all patients presenting between July 2017 to June 2018 were analyzed for risk factors. Analysis was done on SPSS version 21.Results:Total of 3301 patient were seen during this period, out of which 2052 patient data was picked up as it was complete in respect to the information needed. Middle age, Male gender, Type 2 diabetes, and Hypertension, were insignificantly co-related. High waist circumference, Comorbidity like Neuropathy, Dyslipidemia, Greater body mass index, Poor compliance with Medication and type of medication used (combination of oral and injectable) were found statistically significant predictor for DFU. However retinopathy was not found to be a risk factor of DFU. This result was statistically significant.Conclusion:Factors like obesity, waist circumference, combination of oral along with injectable therapies, neuropathy, dyslipidemia, retinopathy and poor compliance with medication were statistically significant and can be strongly linked with diabetic foot ulcer. Middle age, Male gender, Type 2 diabetes, and Hypertension were insignificantly co-related. However, further studies are needed in larger population to support these findings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Can we link foot ulcer with risk factors in diabetics? A study in a tertiary care hospital

Khan¹,

Azhar²,

Zubair³

et al. 2018

Pak J Med Sci

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Diabetic Foot Ulcer Among Adults Attending Follow-Up Diabetes Clinics in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: An Unmatched, Case-Control Study

Gebrekirstos

Abadi

Gebremedhin

et al. 2022

Current Therapeutic Research

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Incidence and predictors of diabetic foot ulcer among patients with diabetes mellitus in a diabetic follow-up clinic in Central Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study

Negussie,

Komicha,

Abebe

2024

BMJ Open

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BackgroundDiabetic foot ulcer is a major medical, social, and economic problem, and a leading cause of hospitalisations, increased morbidity, and mortality. Despite a rising occurrence, there is a dearth of data on the incidence and its predictors.ObjectiveTo assess the incidence and predictors of diabetic foot ulcers among patients with diabetes mellitus in a diabetic follow-up clinic in Central Ethiopia.DesignRetrospective follow-up study design.ParticipantsA total of 418 newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2022. A computer-generated simple random sampling method was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using a structured data extraction checklist. The collected data were entered into Epi Info V.7.2 and exported to STATA V.14 for analysis. To estimate survival time, the Kaplan-Meier method was used, and the survival difference was tested using a log-rank test.Outcome measuresThe Cox proportional hazard model was fitted to identify the predictors of diabetic foot ulcer development. The strength of the association was estimated using an adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and statistical significance was proclaimed at a p<0.05.ResultThe overall incidence of diabetic foot ulcer was 1.51 cases (95% CI 1.03 to 2.22) per 100 person-years of observation. The cumulative incidence was 6.2% (95% CI 4.1% to 8.6%) over 10 years. The median time of follow-up was 45 months (IQR 21–73). Diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or above (AHR 2.91, 95% CI 1.25 to 6.77), taking combined medication (AHR 3.24, 95% CI 1.14 to 9.19) and having a peripheral arterial disease (AHR 5.26, 95% CI 1.61 to 17.18) were statistically significant predictors of diabetic foot ulcer development.ConclusionThe risk of occurrence of diabetic foot ulcer was relatively high. Diastolic blood pressure level, combined medication and peripheral arterial disease were independent predictors of diabetic foot ulcer development. Hence, close monitoring and proper interventions are essential.

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Risk factors for occurrence and recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers among Iraqi diabetic patients

Abstract: There are a few studies that discuss the medical causes for diabetic foot (DF) ulcerations in Iraq, one of them in Wasit province. The aim of our study was to analyze the medical, therapeutic, and patient risk factors for developing DF ulcerations among diabetic patients in Baghdad, Iraq.

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Can we link foot ulcer with risk factors in diabetics? A study in a tertiary care hospital

Can we link foot ulcer with risk factors in diabetics? A study in a tertiary care hospital

Diabetic Foot Ulcer Among Adults Attending Follow-Up Diabetes Clinics in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: An Unmatched, Case-Control Study

Incidence and predictors of diabetic foot ulcer among patients with diabetes mellitus in a diabetic follow-up clinic in Central Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study

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