Risk factors for non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease

Essential Tremor and Parkinson’s Disease: Exploring the Relationship

“…However, the pathology-based definition of PD has been challenged and some have proposed that, similar to ET, PD should also be considered a syndrome as it can present in the setting of different motor and non-motor phenomenologies, heterogeneous pathological findings, and with increasingly recognized genetic etiologies. Clinically, PD is characterized by a wide variety of motor symptoms (bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, gait disturbances, and dystonia among others), and non-motor symptoms (including mood disorders, anosmia, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and autonomic dysfunction) 19–21. Some of these non-motor features such as mood disorders and RBD may also occur at a higher frequency in ET patients than controls (as will be discussed later) 22,23.…”

Executive function but not episodic memory decline associated with visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease

“…We also did not have data on motor status, so we were unable to control for this in our statistical analysis. A recent major review of risk factors for non-motor symptoms showed that the biggest risk factor for cognitive decline was hallucinations (Marinus et al, 2018). Motor severity was the third biggest risk factor for cognitive decline (behind age; disease stage assessed by H&Y was ranked seventh) but was not a risk factor for hallucinations.…”

“…Hallucinations were recently identified as the strongest independent predictor of overall cognitive decline and dementia in PD (Marinus, Zhu, Marras, Aarsland, & van Hilten, ). Dementia is one of the most debilitating aspects of PD progression, with around 50% of people developing the condition after 10 years (Dag Aarsland et al ., ).…”

What predicts quality of life after subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease? A systematic review

“…The quality threshold for inclusion was set at 11 points; low-quality studies were excluded. Included studies were classified as medium quality [quality index (QI) [11][12][13], high quality (QI 14-16) and very high quality (QI ≥ 17).…”