Risk Factors for Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive at Non-Diabetes Participants: A Cohort Study in Central Bogor, Indonesia

Abstract

Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is known as the silent killer disease. The patients do not feel any symptoms or asymptomatic and for a long time, if it is not be cured they will get some complications. The prevalence of hypertension is rising in the world including Indonesia. This aim of the study is to assess the risk factors for newly diagnosed hypertension at non-diabetes respondents in the Cohort Study of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Central Bogor. We conducted a prospective study, the sample was respondents from baseline data Cohort Study 2011-2012 that they were not diagnosed hypertensive with JNC VII criteria, and not diabetes mellitus with ADA criteria (3984 persons), conducted follow-up for 6 years. Data collected by interviews, physical examinations (weight, height, abdominal circumference, blood pressure), and laboratories (fasting plasma glucose and 2 hours after loading 75 g of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides). We used multiple logistic regression for analysis and odd ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to identify risk factors associated with hypertension. The incidence of hypertension increases every year and proportion of cumulative in 6 years was 770 persons (19.32%), 219 mens (28.4%) and 551 womens (71.6%). Hypertensive participants had higer levels for fasting plasma glucose and 2 hours after loading, triglycerides and LDL than normotensive (p<0.001). Risk factors assosiated with hypertension are age ≥45 years (OR=1.31; 95% CI=1.114-1.549), obesity (OR=1.89; 95% CI=1.592-2.250), diabetes (OR=2.31; 95% CI=1.674-3.182), high LDL (OR=1.59; 95% CI=1.303-1.947), and stress (OR=2.5; 95% CI=1.985-3.166) with p ≤ 0.05. Age, obesity, diabetes, high LDL and stress are important risk factors associated with hypertension. Most of the risk factors can be modified and require prevention efforts with lifestyle changes.

Untitled

“…Identification and analysis of macro-vascular and microvascular complications in diabetes patients show that of the 30 respondents, the age of the respondents was 50-60 years old. The risk of diabetes increases according to the age group; the most at risk is the 55-64 age group with 14 times at risk compared with the 25-34 age group [12][13][14][15]. The aging after 30 results in anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes.…”