Risk Factors for Microwave Scald Injuries in Infants

Sando, William C.; Gallaher, Keith J.; Rodgers, Bryan

doi:10.1097/00004630-198609000-00038

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The use of ozone for bleaching cotton is not as advanced. However, in 1995 two patents were awarded [2]. These describe how the pretreatment of cotton can be carried out by a low-temperature plasma technique for desizing and scouring, and then bleaching is achieved by UV rradiation in an ozone atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the advanced oxidation of a cotton fabric by ozone

Prabaharan

Nayar

Kumar

et al. 2000

Coloration Technology

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So‐called sdvanced oxidation involves the generation of free radical hydroxy species. Ozone, a highly unstable compound, liberates such radicals, which can be used for bleaching. In this work grey cotton fabric was bleached with an ozone/oxygen gas mixture, and the effects of ozone concentration and treatment time on the properties of the bleached fabric were studied. The properties evaluated were whiteness index, strength, elongation, extent of impurities (size and wax) removed, degree of chemical modification (carboxyl and aldehyde groups) and reactive dye take‐up. These properties were compared to those from conventionally bleached materials (acid desize‐scour‐peroxide/calcium hypochlorite bleach). The results show that an acceptable degree of whiteness (ready for dyeing) can be obtained by ozone bleaching in a very short time. This process is environmentally acceptable because it is does not use harmful chemicals, it requires a very low quantity of water, and bleaching is achieved in a very short time at room temperature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the advanced oxidation of a cotton fabric by ozone

Prabaharan

Nayar

Kumar

et al. 2000

Coloration Technology

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“…Although there have been a handful of studies (primarily case reports), several of which report deaths, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]20 there have been no published studies using a nationally representative sample to describe these injuries, despite the fact that most young children use all of these products. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report national estimates, rates, and trends of these injuries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5,6 Previous case reports have generally focused on rare instances of airway obstruction by nipples, pacifier parts, or whole pacifiers or burns from bottle warming. [7][8][9][10][11] Injuries such as lacerations and soft tissue injuries have not been commonly reported although they may affect more children. 12,13 Product design improvements have been made to address safety concerns, including adding air holes and increasing pacifier size to prevent choking.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Injuries Associated With Bottles, Pacifiers, and Sippy Cups in the United States, 1991–2010

et al. 2012

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Previous research on injuries related to bottle, pacifier, and sippy cup use has largely focused on case reports of infant injuries or fatalities attributed to pacifiers or pacifier parts causing asphyxiation or to bottle warming causing burns. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study is the first to use a nationally representative sample to investigate the range of injuries requiring emergency department visits associated with bottles, pacifiers, and sippy cups among children aged ,3 years. abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of injuries related to bottles, pacifiers, and sippy cups among young children in the United States. METHODS:A retrospective analysis was conducted by using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for children ,3 years of age treated in emergency departments (1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010) for an injury associated with a bottle, pacifier, or sippy cup.RESULTS: An estimated 45 398 (95% confidence interval: 38 770-52 026) children aged ,3 years were treated in emergency departments for injuries related to these products during the study period, an average of 2270 cases per year. Most injuries involved bottles (65.8%), followed by pacifiers (19.9%) and sippy cups (14.3%). The most common mechanism was a fall while using the product (86.1% of injuries). Lacerations comprised the most common diagnosis (70.4%), and the most frequently injured body region was the mouth (71.0%). One-yearold children were injured most often. Children who were aged 1 or 2 years were nearly 2.99 times (95% confidence interval: 2.07-4.33) more likely to sustain a laceration compared with any other diagnosis. Product malfunctions were relatively uncommon (4.4% of cases).CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to use a nationally representative sample to examine injuries associated with these products. Given the number of injuries, particularly those associated with falls while using the product, greater efforts are needed to promote proper usage, ensure safety in product design, and increase awareness of American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendations for transitioning to a cup and discontinuing pacifier use.

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“…104 Microwave radiation penetrates tissues with higher water content to a greater extent than other tissues and produces burns that are most severe on the skin, followed by the muscle due to its higher water content, and produces lesser damage to the subcutaneous fat. Sando et al 106 reported partial and full-thickness scald burns to the oropharynx of an infant after drinking formula heated in a microwave oven. [103][104][105] For example, epidermal, dermal, and muscle tissue might demonstrate significant burned tissue while there is relative sparing of the subcutaneous fat layer.…”

Section: Microwave Oven Burnsmentioning

confidence: 99%