Risk factors for malignant oral mucosal lesion development (literature review). Part 1. Endogenous and biological factors

Abstract

Relevance. Oral mucosal cancer (OMC) is the sixteenth most common cancer worldwide. The high mortality rate is mainly due to the asymptomatic course of the disease in the early stages and late detection when the tumour process poorly responds to treatment. Determining the impact of various risk factors and establishing their relationship are necessary to prevent and diagnose malignant oral mucosal lesions in the early stages.Purpose. Based on the modern literature, the study aimed to determine the impact value of various internal and external risk factors on malignant oral mucosal lesion development and assess the risk factors’ relationship.Material and methods. The research material included the analysis of literature from databases – Elsevier, PubMed, Elibrary, Google Academy, Medline and Cyberleninka. The study included literature sources in Russian and English.Results. Based on modern literature, we have determined endogenous and biological risk factors for malignant oral mucosal lesion development. The study noted the high role of microbiome changes and the presence of dysbiosis in patients with malignant neoplasms and proved the direct involvement of Candida fungi in carcinogenesis. The development of oral mucosal cancer and the presence and severity of oral yeast colonization and human papillomavirus infection showed a positive correlation. Chronic oral diseases, which are susceptible to malignant transformation or contribute to the development of carcinomas, have been identified, and their relationship has been established with biological risk factors, age, sex of the patient and duration of the disease course.Conclusion. The studies considered in this part of the review prove the influence of endogenous and biological factors on the development of malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity and determine their relationship. However, many mechanisms remain unexplored to date. Effective primary and secondary prevention implementation needs improvement and the development of a multidisciplinary approach to research methodology, study the complex impact of all groups of risk factors on the development of malignant oral mucosal lesions.