Risk factors for lung cancer among nonsmoking women

Kreuzer, Michaela; Heinrich, Joachim; Kreienbrock, Lothar; Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath; Gerken, Michael; Wichmann, H‐Erich

doi:10.1002/ijc.10549

Cited by 95 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The authors suggest that lung cancer, smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure aggregate in families. A German study found a significantly increased risk for exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work [38]. However, a non-significant increase in risk was found for spousal exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for lung cancer in Iowa women: Implications for prevention

Neuberger

Mahnken

Mayo

et al. 2006

Cancer Detection and Prevention

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Background-Multiple risk factors possibly associated with lung cancer were examined as part of a large-scale residential radon case-control study conducted in Iowa between 1994 and 1997. We were particularly interested in stratifying risk factors by smoking status. Relatively little risk factor information is available for Midwestern rural women.Methods-Four hundred thirteen female lung cancer cases and 614 controls aged 40-84, who were residents of their current home for at least 20 years, were included. Risk factors examined included cigarette smoking, passive smoking, occupation, chemical exposure, previous lung disease, family history of cancer, and urban residence. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted after adjusting for age, education, and cumulative radon exposure.Results-As expected, active cigarette smoking was the major risk factor for lung cancer. While cessation of smoking was significantly associated with a reduced risk for lung cancer, the risk remained significantly elevated for 25 years. Among all cases, asbestos exposure was a significant risk. Among ex-smokers, pack-year history predominated as the major risk. Among never smokers, a family history of kidney or bladder cancer were significant risk factors (OR= 7.34, 95% CI = 1.91 -28.18; and 5.02, 95% CI = 1.64-15.39, respectively), as was a history of previous lung disease (OR=2.28, 95% CI=1.24-4.18) and asbestos exposure. No statistically significant increase in lung cancer risk was found for occupation or urban residence.Conclusions-Smoking prevention activities are urgently needed in rural areas of the United States. Relatives of individuals with smoking-related cancers are potentially at increased risk. Genetic risk factors should be more fully investigated in never smokers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for lung cancer in Iowa women: Implications for prevention

Neuberger

Mahnken

Mayo

et al. 2006

Cancer Detection and Prevention

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“…22 As for possible risk factors for lung cancer among nonsmokers, these were not defined but could have been radon, air pollution and dietary factors such as meat and fat. 13 Comparing the highest and lowest vegetable consumption frequencies, the difference in risk was 2-3-fold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung cancer risks in relation to vegetable and fruit consumption and smoking

Rylander

Axelsson

2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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In a case-control study on lung cancer, risk was analysed in relation to smoking habits and frequency of vegetable and fruit consumption. Lung cancer cases in West Sweden and population controls were interviewed using a questionnaire where the frequency of consumption of dietary items and smoking habits were assessed. The material presented comprises 177 female and 359 male confirmed cases of lung cancer and 916 population controls. There was a dose-response relationship in regard to the number of cigarettes smoked and the number of years smoked, the latter factor being more important. After adjustment for number of cigarettes smoked/day and number of years smoked, the risk for those who seldom consumed vegetables was about twice of that among those who consumed vegetables frequently, both among nonsmokers, smokers and former smokers. This risk increase in relation to vegetable consumption also was present for different smoking categories. A similar tendency, although less pronounced, was found for fruit consumption. The results demonstrate that dietary factors are related to the risk for lung cancer, although smoking is the dominant risk factor. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: smoking duration; cigarette consumption; fruit Research during the last 60 years has convincingly demonstrated that smoking is a major agent related to risk for lung cancer. Ever since the pioneering studies by M€ uller 1 and Shairer and Sch€ oniger 2 in Germany and the fundamental work by Doll and Hill in the UK, 3 a large number of investigations have shown dose-related risks and a reduction of risk after cessation. It has also been demonstrated that the risk related to smoking varies in different populations from a low 15% among Chinese females to a high 95% in Western men. Differences in population smoking habits such as inhalation or butt length could explain such findings, but other data suggest that variations in environmental factors influence the risk. 4 An important such factor is the diet.Since the first study on the influence of diet on lung cancer risk was published in 1977, a plethora of investigations have been published including prospective studies and pooled analysis of data. 5-7 A general finding is that frequent consumption of vegetables and fruit reduces the risk, [8][9][10] although there are variations between the different studies regarding the relative role of these items and differences in risk between genders have been found. Fried meat, red meat and milk have been reported to be risk factors. [11][12][13][14][15] Data have previously been reported from a lung cancer study in West Sweden in terms of data from part of the male population in the study, 16,17 data on bird keeping 18 and on the importance of vegetables, fruit and milk for the whole population. 19 These reports demonstrated an increase in risk among those consuming vegetables and fruit less frequently as well as among those frequently consuming milk. In view of the discrepancies in previous studies regarding the influence of vegetable/fruit consump...

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“…1 Although the relation between respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection (avian exposure) and female lung cancer remains open, [2][3][4] C. pneumoniae infection has been repeatedly shown to be associated with lung cancer in male smokers as defined by serum cotinine. [5][6][7] We have now evaluated the association between past infection with C. pneumoniae and female lung cancer in a case-control study nested in a cohort of 650,000 fertile Finnish women established in 1983.…”

Section: Dear Sirmentioning

confidence: 99%