Risk factors for lower extremity injury: a review of the literature

Murphy, D F; Connolly, Daniel J.; Beynnon, Bruce D.

doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.1.13

Cited by 582 publications

(473 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…In this study, non contact injury was significantly more common in the second half possibly reflecting fatigue, although this is controversial and the evidence is poor [21]. [7,16].…”

Section: In the F-marc Studies Of The Women's World Cup 1999 And Thementioning

confidence: 60%

Football injuries during European Championships 2004–2005

Waldén

Hägglund

Ekstrand

2007

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthr

117

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The risk of injury in football is high, but few studies have compared men's and women's football injuries. The purpose of this prospective study was to analyse the exposure and injury characteristics of European Championships in football and to compare data for men, women and male youth players. The overall injury incidence was fourteen times higher during match play than during training (34.6 vs. 2.4 injuries per 1000 hours, p<0.0001). There were no differences in match and training injury incidences between the championships.Teams eliminated in the women's championship had a significantly higher match injury incidence compared to teams going to the semi-finals (65.4 vs. 5.0 injuries per 1000 hours, p=0.02). Non contact mechanisms were ascribed for 41% of the match injuries. One-fifth of all injuries were severe with absence from play longer than 4 weeks.In conclusion, injury incidences during the European Championships studied were very similar and it seems thus that the risk of injury in international football is at least not -3 -higher in women than in men. The teams eliminated in the women's championship had a significantly higher match injury incidence than the teams going to the final stage.Finally, the high frequency of non contact injury is worrying from a prevention perspective and should be addressed in future studies.

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“…In this study, non contact injury was significantly more common in the second half possibly reflecting fatigue, although this is controversial and the evidence is poor [21]. [7,16].…”

Section: In the F-marc Studies Of The Women's World Cup 1999 And Thementioning

confidence: 60%

Football injuries during European Championships 2004–2005

Waldén

Hägglund

Ekstrand

2007

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthr

117

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“…Prevention nowadays is mostly geared towards avoiding and limiting suggested predisposing factors. In order to develop appropriate prevention protocols, further studies of injury risk factors and the way the injury affects the function in patients are needed (Hess et al, 1989, Murphy et al, 2003. Proper research on Achilles tendinopathy prevention can then be conducted.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…VISA-A-S scores for the healthy group and the patient group were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. For comparisons of the VISA-A-S with the VISA-A, a two-sample ttest was used, since only means and standard deviations, and no raw data, were available from the results in the original study (Murphy et al, 2003). The level of significance was set at p<0.05.…”

Section: Study IIImentioning

confidence: 99%

Iontophoresis with or without dexamethazone in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon pain

Neeter

Thomeé

Silbernagel

et al. 2003

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The purpose of this double‐blind study was to evaluate the effects of iontophoresis with dexamethazone to iontophoresis with saline solution on patients who had acute (less than 3 months) pain from the Achilles tendon, in terms of range of motion, muscular endurance, pain and symptoms. Twenty‐five patients (15 men and 10 women), aged between 18 and 76 years (mean = 38), were evaluated before and after 2 weeks of treatment with iontophoresis, as well as after 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months and 1 year. Two groups were treated for 2 weeks with iontophoresis for each treatment. Three ml of dexamethazone were used for the experiment group (n = 14) and 3 ml of saline solution for the control group (n = 11). Both groups then followed the same rehabilitation programme for 10 weeks. Good reliability was found for the toe‐raise and range of motion tests. Poor reliability was, however, found for the pain on palpation test, which was therefore excluded. No difference was found between or within groups for the toe‐raise test. Several significant improvements were seen in the experiment group but not in the control group, in the range of motion test, pain during and after physical activity, pain during walking and walking up and down stairs, morning stiffness and tendon swelling. Even though the small sample size limits the possibilities to draw definite conclusions, we conclude from the present study, using a double‐blind, randomised approach and a 1‐year follow‐up period, that positive effects from using iontophoresis with dexamethazone were found in the treatment of patients with acute Achilles tendon pain.

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“…4,8,20,70 This lack of consensus in the literature could be attributed, in part, to the variation in the operational definition of foot type among investigators. 4,70 A large variety of methods have been developed to classify the foot based on structure and alignment. These …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 The results of this systematic review, 14 which did not include a meta-analysis and effect-size estimates, contrast those of a few qualitative reviews that failed to demonstrate a relationship between foot type and future lower extremity injuries. 4,8,20,70 This lack of consensus in the literature could be attributed, in part, to the variation in the operational definition of foot type among investigators. 4,70 A large variety of methods have been developed to classify the foot based on structure and alignment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Association Between Foot Type and Lower Extremity Injuries: Systematic Literature Review With Meta-analysis

Tong

Kong²

2013

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

124

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T he human foot is often classified into 3 structural categories: high, normal, and low arch, based on its anatomical alignment 89 and the height of the medial longitudinal arch. 27 Classification in these 3 categories is typically based on cutoff values determined from the distribution of data (standard deviations 65,93,102 or percentiles 15,16 ) from measurements taken on a large population. The interest in such classification is the belief that nonneutral foot morphology, such as a high or low arch (flatfoot), may lead to less than optimal foot function and be associated with the development of lower extremity and low back injuries. 23,28,29,59 A review of the literature provides conflicting evidence on the potential relationship between foot type and lower extremity injuries. Although a number of published reports have found no relationships between nonneutral foot types and lower extremity injuries, 40,94,96,99 the authors of a recent systematic review concluded that both high-and low-arch foot types were associated with runningrelated injuries. 14 The results of this systematic review, 14 which did not include a meta-analysis and effect-size estimates, contrast those of a few qualitative reviews that failed to demonstrate a relationship between foot type and future lower extremity injuries. 4,8,20,70 This lack of consensus in the literature could be attributed, in part, to the variation in the operational definition of foot type among investigators. 4,70 A large variety of methods have been developed to classify the foot based on structure and alignment. These T T OBJECTIVES:To investigate the association between nonneutral foot types (high arch and flatfoot) and lower extremity and low back injuries, and to identify the most appropriate methods to use for foot classification. T T METHODS:A search of 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses), Google Scholar, and the reference lists of included studies was conducted to identify relevant articles. The review included comparative cross-sectional, casecontrol, and prospective studies that reported qualitative/quantitative associations between foot types and lower extremity and back injuries. Quality of the selected studies was evaluated, and data synthesis for the level of association between foot types and injuries was conducted. A randomeffects model was used to pool odds ratio (OR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) results for meta-analysis. T T RESULTS:Twenty-nine studies were included for meta-analysis. A significant association between nonneutral foot types and lower extremity injuries was determined (OR = 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11, 1.37; P<.001). Foot posture index (OR = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.33, 5.02; P<.01) and visual/ physical examination (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.28; P<.01) were 2 assessment methods using distinct foot-type categories that showed a significant association with lower extremity injuries.

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Risk factors for lower extremity injury: a review of the literature

Cited by 582 publications

References 82 publications

Football injuries during European Championships 2004–2005

Football injuries during European Championships 2004–2005

Iontophoresis with or without dexamethazone in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon pain

Association Between Foot Type and Lower Extremity Injuries: Systematic Literature Review With Meta-analysis

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