Risk Factors for Lactation Mastitis

O’Connell

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

2001

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5][6][7] Other risk factors that have been suggested include changes in feeding pattern, abrupt weaning, the position of the baby while feeding, blocked ducts and the use of pacifiers. [8][9][10] However, there is little scientific evidence to support these.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for mastitis in breastfeeding women: results of a prospective cohort study

O’Connell

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

2001

“…23 Women who have already had mastitis in the current lactation or in previous lactations are more susceptible to developing other mastites, due to the broken integrity of the junction between alveolar cells. 23 In mastitis, the affected portion of the breast is painful, hyperemic, edematous and warm. If infection is present, important systemic manifestations occur, such as malaise, high-grade fever (above 38 o C) and chills.…”

Section: Mastitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Problemas comuns na lactação e seu manejo

Giugliani¹

2004

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

Suggested citation: Giugliani ER. Common problems during lactation and their management. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004;80(5 Suppl):S147-S154. AbstractObjective: To present an update review on common problems associated with breastfeeding and their management.Source of data: A comprehensive bibliographic review on the issue was performed by searching publications from the MEDLINE database and from national and international organizations. Books and some key articles cited in other sources were also selected.Summary of the findings: Several common problems that may arise during the breastfeeding period, such as breast engorgement, plugged milk duct, breast infection and insufficient milk supply, originate from conditions that lead the mother to inadequate empty the breasts. Incorrect techniques, not frequent breastfeeding and breastfeeding on scheduled times, pacifiers and food suppliers are important risk factors that can predispose to lactation problems. The adequate management of those conditions is fundamental, as if not treated they frequently lead to early weaning. There are specific measures that should be taken to empty the breasts effectively. Besides, the emotional support and actions that yield more comfort to the lactating mother can not be neglected.Conclusions: Most common problems associated with breastfeeding can be prevented if the mother empties her breasts effectively. If they occur, they should be carefully and adequately approached, thus avoiding the early weaning resultant from painful and stressing situations the mother may face.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004;80(5 Suppl):S147-S154: Breastfeeding, lactation problems, mastitis, hypogalactia. Common problems during lactation and their managementElsa R. J. Giugliani* 0021-7557/04/80-05-Suppl/S147 Jornal de Pediatria Copyright © 2004 by Sociedade Brasileira de PediatriaThe human species is the only one among mammals in which breastfeeding and weaning are not governed only by instinct. Therefore, breastfeeding and weaning have to be learned. Currently, especially in modern societies, women have few opportunities to learn something about breastfeeding because their traditional sources of learning more experienced women in the family were lost as extended families were replaced by nuclear families. Consequently, women become mothers with little or no ability to breastfeed, which makes them more vulnerable to difficulties during the process. Health professionals play a crucial role in the prevention and management of such difficulties, but to do that, they need specific knowledge, attitudes and skills.The present article reviews the major difficulties encountered in breastfeeding and their management and seeks to provide technical and practical information necessary for health professionals to promote, protect and support the breastfeeding practice. Common problems related to breastfeeding are discussed, including breast engorgement, nipple pain/trauma, nipple infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus, candidiasis, Raynauds phenomenon, plugged ducts, mastitis, br...

“…Mastitis is a relevant disease in does, with a prevalence of 6% (Rosell, 2003;Rosell and de la Fuente, 2009;Sánchez et al, 2012). This can be caused by injury of the teats, and also by the negative effects of stress (Fetherston, 1998). After pasteurellosis, mastitis is often considered one of the most common causes of culling in domestic rabbit does (Morisse, 1990;Tetens, 2007).…”

Section: Housingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of rearing mangement on health in domestic rabbits: a review

Schlolaut¹,

Hudson

Rödel

2013

World Rabbit Sci.

High mortality in rearing of domestic rabbits is not only an economic problem but also an animal welfare issue. Among the reasons for this high mortality are some common rearing practices. In this review, we point out several commonly used management practices, which neither represent adequate housing conditions according to the animals' behavioural requirements nor correspond to their nutritional needs. Sometimes, the doe has to build the nursery nest on the cage floor or in a box with a permanently open entrance, often not protected from the light. This can lead to perinatal mortality due to disturbed behaviour of the mother such as failure to build a proper nest, depositing the kits outside the nest, or infanticide. Furthermore, continuous housing of the doe with the kits does not conform to this species' pattern of unusually limited maternal care. Possibly stimulated by olfactory and acoustic signals emanating from the nest, the doe can disturb the inactivity of the kits by her frequent entries to the nest or attempts to close the entrance. Cooling of the kits caused by maladaptive maternal behaviour under such conditions can also contribute to increased mortality and morbidity during the nursing period. In addition, when the doe is left to nurse the kits longer than four weeks, which does not conform to the reproductive biology of the rabbit, kit morbidity can be increased by the following factors. Although the doe's milk has a high protective role against main digestive disorders, prolonged mother-offspring contact might increase the risk of the kits becoming infected with pathogens such as coccidiosis, EPEC and pasteurellosis persisting in the doe. Pre-disposition of the kits to bacterial enteropathies can be encouraged by the delayed development of the enzymatic system, the delayed establishment of a stable gut flora, as well as by consumption of the doe's feed. The increased energy demands of lactation as well as mastitis incidence due to prolonged suckling by the kits could decrease the fertility and the lifespan of the doe. Feed with a high content of non-fibre carbohydrates (compared to green forage) can promote bacterial enteropathies when given before the development of the kits' digestive functions is completed. The risk of the outbreak of such diseases is enhanced by intestinal coccidiosis and unstable gut flora. Enteropathies are also exacerbated by the use of deep litter as opposed to housing rabbits on perforated floors.