Risk factors for kidney stone disease recurrence: a comprehensive meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a common illness that causes an economic burden globally. It is easy for patients to relapse once they have suffered from this disease. The reported recurrence rate of KSD ranged from 6.1% to 66.9%. We performed this meta-analysis to identify various potential risk factors for the recurrence of KSD. Methods The PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched using suitable keywords from inception to Mar 2022. A total of 2,663 records were collected initially. After screening the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 53 articles (40 retrospective studies; 13 prospective studies) including 488,130 patients were enrolled. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (No. CRD42020171771). Results The pooled results indicated that 12 risk factors including younger age (n = 18), higher BMI (n = 16), family history of kidney stones (n = 12), personal history of kidney stones (n = 11), hypertension (n = 5), uric acid stone (n = 4), race of Caucasian (n = 3), suspected kidney stone episode before the first confirmed stone episode (n = 3), surgery (n = 3), any concurrent asymptomatic (nonobstructing) stone (n = 2), pelvic or lower pole kidney stone (n = 2), and 24 h urine test completion (n = 2) were identified to be associated with KSD recurrence. In the subgroup analysis, patients with higher BMI (OR = 1.062), personal history of nephrolithiasis (OR = 1.402), or surgery (OR = 3.178) had a higher risk of radiographic KSD recurrence. Conclusions We identified 12 risk factors related to the recurrence of KSD. The results of this analysis could serve to construct recurrence prediction models. It could also supply a basis for preventing the recurrence of KSD.

Influence of BMI on the Recurrence Rate of Nephrolithiasis in the Adult Population of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study

“…Consistent with the findings of the two aforementioned studies [17,18] and in disagreement with the metaanalysis [16], we did not find a relationship between obesity and the recurrence rate of renal stones. However, in the univariate analysis conducted through the chi-squared test (χ2), a significant association (p < 0.05) was found between the recurrence rate and chronic diseases (more specifically, HTN), unilateral stones, and a stone diameter of 10-19 mm (1-1.9 cm).…”

“…Studies have found that having a previous history of the disease increases the recurrence of further episodes [ 15 ]. A meta-analysis of 53 articles and 488,130 enrolled patients, out of whom 17.4% experienced recurrence, found 12 demographic and clinical factors that increase the recurrence [ 16 ], including younger age, higher BMI, family history of renal stones, personal history of renal stones, hypertension, uric acid stone, being Caucasian, suspected renal stone episode before the first confirmed stone episode, the requirement for surgery, any concurrent asymptomatic (non-obstructing) stone, pelvic or lower pole kidney stone, and completion of 24-hour urine test.…”

Theranostic roles of machine learning in clinical management of kidney stone disease

“…In complicated KSD, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), ureteroscopy (URS) and other surgical procedures are the common therapeutic procedures to remove kidney stones [4] , [5] , [6] . Nevertheless, there is a high recurrence rate following the stone removal [7] , [8] , [9] .…”

The microbiome of kidney stones and urine of patients with nephrolithiasis

“…Nephrolithiasis is a rising problem globally, with the lifetime incidence having increased from 3% in the 1970s to 10% in Europe, 14% in North America and 20% in Saudi Arabia [ 1 ]. In parallel, the rate of stone recurrence has increased with almost 50% of stone patients experiencing an additional stone event within 5 years [ 2 ]. In the western world, both sexes are now almost equally affected.…”