Risk factors for indigenousCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliinfections in The Netherlands: a case-control study

Abstract

SUMMARYA case-control study comprising 1315 Campylobacter jejuni cases, 121 Campylobacter coli cases and 3409 frequency-matched controls was conducted in The Netherlands in [2002][2003]. Risk factors for both C. jejuni and C. coli enteritis were consumption of undercooked meat and barbecued meat, ownership of cats and use of proton pump inhibitors. Consumption of chicken was a predominant risk factor for C. jejuni enteritis, but many additional risk factors were identified. Unique risk factors for C. coli infections were consumption of game and tripe, and swimming. Contact with farm animals and persons with gastroenteritis were predominant risk factors for C. jejuni enteritis in young children (0-4 years). Important risk factors for the elderly (o60 years) were eating in a restaurant, use of proton pump inhibitors and having a chronic intestinal illness. Consumption of chicken in spring, steak tartare in autumn and winter and barbecued meat in rural areas showed strong associations with C. jejuni infections. This study illustrates that important differences in risk factors exist for different Campylobacter spp. and these may differ dependent on age, season or degree of urbanization.

Public Health Hazard of Zoonotic Campylobacter jejuni Reference to Egyptian Regional and Seasonal Variations

“…Campylobacteriosis is assumed to be mainly a food-borne disease (Dasti et al, 2010;Doorduyn et al, 2010;Man, 2011). In the present study from the data presented in Table 2, it is clear that the incidence of C. jejuni identified by traditional method within three year from 2012-2014 was highest in case of samples collected from chicken farms water (14.8%) followed by chicken intestine (12.8%) then raw chicken meat (9.6%).…”

“…Furthermore differences in weather between Governorates; warm weather may have triggered recreational activities with enhanced exposure to possible risk factors, for example consumption of undercooked chicken meat (Doorduyn et al, 2010) or swimming in contaminated water (Dasti et al, 2010). In Germany, Campylobacter incidence peaks both in rural as well as urban areas in the summer (Schielke et al, 2014).…”

Risk attribution ofCampylobacterinfection by age group using exposure modelling

“…8 to 29 . 3 % [13,15,38,39]. Recent source attribution studies based on the multilocus sequence typing method (MLST) from England, Scotland and New Zealand estimated that 50-80 % of human cases were related to the chicken reservoir [37,[40][41][42].…”

“…These findings are in agreement with other studies that estimated 2 . 9-7 % of the cases were due to frequent contact with dogs or cats [38,39]. There are no known interventions that could lower the prevalence of Campylobacter in pets, therefore the only measure to lower the risk from this source is to promote hygiene in contact with animals.…”

Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children

“…Furthermore, long-term PPIs therapy (>2.5 years) has been associated with reduced bone mineralization, induced moderate hypergastrinemia and the development of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia in up to 50% of children [70]. Lastly, acid suppression itself is a recognized risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia, gastroenteritis, candidemia and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants [71][72][73][74][75][76]. In addition, antacid drugs should not be considered in the management of infant GERD, as some absorbable components may induce side effects following chronic use (milk-alkali syndrome, aluminum toxicity, renal failure and hypercalcemia) [77][78][79].…”