Risk factors for incident age-related macular degeneration

Tomany, Sandra C.; Wang, Jie Jin; Leeuwen, Redmer van; Klein, Ronald; Mitchell, Paul; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Klein, Barbara E. K.; Smith, Wayne; Jong, Paulus T. V. M. de

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.11.010

Cited by 535 publications

(452 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…1,[16][17][18][19][20] In fact, as shown in Table 1, a number of our study patients with AMD were being treated for these disorders. Smoking, hypertension, and elevated serum cholesterol have been shown to be risk factors for both AMD and cardiovascular disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retinal haemodynamics in patients with age-related macular degeneration

Satô

Feke

Menke

et al. 2005

Eye

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Objective To investigate whether there is an association between the magnitude of retinal haemodynamic abnormalities in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the degree of severity of the AMD. Methods A retinal laser Doppler system (Canon CLBF 100) was used to measure retinal arterial haemodynamic parameters in 25 eyes of 25 patients with AMD and nine eyes of nine age-matched control subjects. Severity of AMD was classified into Mild (n ¼ 11), Moderate (n ¼ 7), or Severe (n ¼ 7). The pulsatility ratio (PR), the pulsatility index (PI), and the resistivity index (RI) were determined. Results PR, PI, and RI in the patients with AMD were each significantly higher than in the control group, and increased monotonically with increasing severity of AMD. However, there were no differences in mean blood velocity, arterial diameter, or blood flow rate among the groups. This suggests that the increased blood flow pulsatility in the retinal arteries of the eyes with AMD is not due to increased distal vascular resistance, but instead is likely due to a loss of compliance in the arterial vasculature leading to the eye. Conclusion Our results suggest that an increasing vascular rigidity in the systemic arterial circulation is directly associated with an increasing severity of AMD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Prevention of AMD is hampered by a lack of knowledge about the aetiology of the disease and about the identity of modifiable risk factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal haemodynamics in patients with age-related macular degeneration

Satô

Feke

Menke

et al. 2005

Eye

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“…The prevalence of this condition is likely to increase dramatically in the future, as a result of increasing life-expectancy and the consequential increasing senescence of society (van Leeuwen et al, 2003). The pathogenesis of AMD is incompletely understood, but it is believed to involve a complex interaction between an individual's genetic background and environmental/lifestyle factors Tomany et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between macular pigment optical density and CFH, ARMS2, C2/BF, and C3 genotype

Loane

Nolan

McKay

et al. 2011

Experimental Eye Research

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Keywords: age-related macular degeneration age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 gene carotenoids Complement factor H lutein macular pigment zeaxanthin a b s t r a c t Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in older people in developed countries, and risk for this condition may be classified as genetic or environmental, with an interaction between such factors predisposing to this disease. This study investigated the relationship between AMD risk genes, macular pigment optical density (MPOD), which may protect against AMD, and serum concentrations of the macular carotenoids, lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z). This was a cross-sectional study of 302 healthy adult subjects. Dietary intake of L and Z was assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and MPOD was measured by customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. We also calculated MPOD Area as the area of MP under the spatial profile curve, to reflect MP across the macula. Serum L and Z were measured by HPLC. Genotyping of tag SNPs in the genes CFH, ARMS2, C3, C2 and BF was undertaken with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primer extension methodology (ABI Snapshot, ABI Warrington UK) on DNA extracted from peripheral blood. The mean AE SD (range) age of the subjects in this study was 48 AE 11 (21e66) years. There was a statistically significant association between CFH genotype and family history of AMD, with subjects having two non-risk CFH haplotypes (n ¼ 35), or one non-risk and one protective CFH haplotype (n ¼ 33), being significantly more likely to have a negative family history of AMD (Pearson Chi square: p ¼ 0.001). There was no significant association between the AMD risk genes investigated and either MPOD (One way ANOVA: p > 0.05) or serum concentrations of L or Z (One way ANOVA: p > 0.05, for both). Subjects who were homozygous for risk alleles of both CFH and ARMS2 (n ¼ 4) had significantly lower MPOD at 0.5 and 1 retinal eccentricity (Independent samples t test: p < 0.05) and lower MPOD Area which approached statistical significance (Independent samples t test: p ¼ 0.058), compared to other subjects (n ¼ 291). In conclusion, this study did not detect an association between individual AMD risk genotypes and the putatively protective MP, or serum concentrations of its constituent carotenoids. However, the combination of homozygous risk alleles at both CFH and ARMS2 loci was associated with significantly lower MPOD centrally, despite comparable serum concentrations of the macular carotenoids. These findings suggest that the maculae of subjects at very high genetic risk of AMD represent a hostile environment for accumulation and/or stabilization of MP.

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“…5-7 However, data from three population-based studies did not show a protective effect of statins. [8][9][10][11] The purpose of this report is to examine the association of statins with the 5-year incidence of AMD in the Beaver Dam Eye Study cohort at a time when there is significantly higher frequency of statin use than when we previously examined this relationship five years ago.…”

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confidence: 99%

Statin Use and the Five-Year Incidence and Progression of Age-related Macular Degeneration

Klein

Knudtson

Klein

2007

American Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose-To examine the association of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) with the 5-year incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Design-Population-based cohort study. Setting Beaver Dam, WisconsinStudy population Participants included persons 53 to 96 years of age at examination in 1998 to 2000 (n=2962), of whom 2204 participated in a follow-up 5 years later.Observation procedures Standardized procedures were used for physical examinations, blood collection, and questionnaire administration. AMD was determined by grading images of the posterior pole using a standard protocol. Standard univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Main outcome measures Incident early and late AMD and progressed AMDResults-There were 1347 and 1638 persons not using statins and 339 and 429 using statins at the 1998-2000 examination at risk of early and late AMD, respectively. The unadjusted 5-year incidence of early and late AMD, respectively, was 5.9% and 1.8% in those not using statins and 6.8% and 2.3% in those using statins. While controlling for age, sex, smoking status, and multivitamin use, a history of statin use was not associated with the 5-year incidence of early AMD (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71 to 1.91, p=0.55), progression of AMD (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.78, p=0.51) or incidence of late AMD (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.60 to 2.69. p=0.53). Conclusion-These findings do notshow an association between statin use and the incidence or progression of AMD over a 5-year period. KeywordsAge-Related Macular Degeneration; Statin; Incidence Few medical interventions prevent progression of early to late AMD. Data from the AgeRelated Eye Disease Study (AREDS) showed moderate efficacy of antioxidants and zinc supplements in persons with early AMD with an absolute reduction of 5% to advanced AMD (23% rate of progression to advanced AMD in the treated group versus 28% in the control group). 1 However, 23% of eyes receiving antioxidants and zinc had a 15-letter decrease in the Correspondence to: Ronald Klein, MD, MPH, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin -Madison, 610 North Walnut St., 417 WARF, Madison, WI 53726-2336, (608) 263-7758, FAX (608) 263-0279, kleinr@epi.ophth.wisc.edu Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAm J Ophthalmol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2008 July 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript visual acuity score despite such treatment. While anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy has been s...

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Risk factors for incident age-related macular degeneration

Cited by 535 publications

References 31 publications

Retinal haemodynamics in patients with age-related macular degeneration

Retinal haemodynamics in patients with age-related macular degeneration

The association between macular pigment optical density and CFH, ARMS2, C2/BF, and C3 genotype

Statin Use and the Five-Year Incidence and Progression of Age-related Macular Degeneration

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