Risk Factors for Hypogonadism in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Background. Male hypogonadism is an endocrine disease characterized by low levels of serum testosterone and is closely related to the development of diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to observe the risk factors for hypogonadism in male patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods. A total of 213 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled and divided into a low total testosterone (TT) group (=75) and a normal TT group (=138). The patients' blood glucose, blood lipids, serum insulin, and sex hormones were measured. The correlations between the patients' metabolic index and sex hormone levels were analyzed. Results. Compared with the normal TT group, body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin (FINS), and HOMA insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) levels were significantly higher, but the luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were significantly lower in the low TT group (p < 0.05). Correlation analyses found that TT was negatively correlated with BMI, waist circumference (WC), FINS, and HOMA-IR. TT was positively correlated with LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Conclusions. Several risk factors of diabetes associated closely with hypogonadism. BMI, metabolic syndrome (MS), HOMA-IR, and LH are independent risk factors for hypogonadism in male patients with type 2 diabetes.

Prevalence and predictors for low total testosterone levels among male type 2 diabetic patients: an Egyptian experience

“…Some studies reported decline with age while other deny this association. 8,17,32 A longer duration of DM not correlated with TT levels nor MHG prevalence as this result is inconsistent with other research. 8 while in agreement with other studies.…”

“…17,34,35 In contrast, other studies correlated lower HDL-c and higher triglyceride levels were significantly with LST in T2DMs. 9,36 In the present study, smoker ratio was significantly higher in MHG patient but regression analysis showed no significant correlation between smoking and MHG, The relation of smoking with testosterone was controversial, some studies had shown a positive association between smoking and total or FT levels, also smoking cessation decreased testosterone levels in men followed for idiopathic infertility, while some studies found no association.…”

“…Previous studies linked obesity and MHG prevalence in diabetic and nondiabetic. 8,13,17,18 In contrast, there was a study denies this relationship between TT and BMI. 19 Obesity can promote estrogen secretion and suppress hypothalamic GnRH production.…”

“…8 while in agreement with other studies. 17,33 Different patients selection and study design may be responsible for this contrast.…”

Effects of Betulinic Acid on the Male Reproductive System of a Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model

“…Previous studies have indicated that male hypogonadism is caused by a variety of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, and it is characterized by low levels of total testosterone and an increase in gonadotropins. These changes are related to a steroidogenesis defect in Leydig cells, as shown by both in vivo and in vitro studies [34]. Sexual organ disorders in diabetic cases can also result from oxidative stress and the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant enzyme activity [5].…”