Risk factors for HIV-2 infection in The Gambia

Wilkins, Andy; Hayes, Richard; Alonso, Pedro E.; Baldeh, Susan; Berry, Neil; Cham, K.; Hughes, Andrew; Jaiteh, Kebba O.; Oelman, B J; Tedder, Richard S.; Whittle, Hilton

doi:10.1097/00002030-199109000-00012

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It may be that employed people encountered HIV positive people on the job or during their travel to and from work. Studies have shown that men with access to resources, including those who are employed, may be more likely to have a greater number of female sexual partners and be at greater risk of HIV infection (Wilkins et al 1991;Gregson et al 2001). The coupling of high awareness of HIV/AIDS with low knowledge of HIV pathology, symptoms, care and support may be a huge contributing factor to the presence of HIV/AIDS stigma in the study population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi, Ghana

Ulasi

Preko²,

Baidoo³

et al. 2009

Health & Place

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective-To assess HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLWHA) in Kumasi, Ghana.Methods-A cross-sectional survey of 104 adults from the four sub-districts in Kumasi was conducted.Results-Four stigma constructs, employment-based discrimination, screening and identification of HIV positive people, revelation of HIV status and social contact stigma were determined based on reliability measures from responses to the questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that participants with higher educational attainment were more likely to favor policies denying employment to PLWHA (p<0.05), but disapproved of revealing HIV sero-status (p<0.05). Muslims were more likely than Christians to agree with identifying PLWHA (p<0.05) and more likely to advocate revealing HIV sero-status (p<0.05). Males were more likely to favor revealing HIV status (p<0.05). Employed persons were more likely to have social contact with PLWHA (p<0.05).Conclusions-These findings are useful in guiding the design of interventions against HIV/AIDSrelated stigma in Kumasi.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi, Ghana

Ulasi

Preko²,

Baidoo³

et al. 2009

Health & Place

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Though there is a risk of under-estimation in The Gambia [8], it should be considered that the excess of incidence in other countries of sub-Saharan Africa may be attributable to the higher prevalence of HIV. The prevalence of HIV infection is still low in The Gambia, below 2% [38,39]. Indeed HIV-infected heterosexual women carry a 6-fold risk of developing cervix cancer than the general population [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

20-Years of Population-Based Cancer Registration in Hepatitis B and Liver Cancer Prevention in The Gambia, West Africa

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundThe Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (GHIS) was designed as a randomised control trial of infant hepatitis B vaccination applied to public health policy, with the main goal of preventing primary liver cancer later in adult life in The Gambia. To that effect, the National Cancer Registry of The Gambia (NCR), a population-based cancer registry (PBCR), was established in 1986 to actively collect data on all cancer diagnosis nation-wide. We extracted 20-years (1990-2009) of data to assess for the first time, the evolution of the most common cancers, also describe and demonstrate the role of the PBCR in a hepatitis B and liver cancer prevention programme in this population.Methods and FindingsWe estimated Age-Standardised Incidence Rates (ASR (W)) of the most common cancers registered during the period by gender. The registration period was divided into four 5-year intervals and incidence rates were estimated for each interval. The most common cancers in males were liver, prostate, lung plus bronchus, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and stomach, accounting for 60%, 5%, 4%, 5% and 3%, respectively. Similarly, cancers of the cervix uteri, liver, breast and NHL, were the most common in females, accounting for 33%, 24%, 11% and 4% of the female cancers, respectively.ConclusionsCancer incidence has remained relatively stable over time, but as shown elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa the disease is a threat in The Gambia. The infection related cancers which are mostly preventable (HBV in men and HPV/HIV in women) were the most common. At the moment the data is not enough to detect an effect of hepatitis B vaccination on liver cancer incidence in The Gambia. However, we observed that monitoring case occurrence through PBCR is a key public health pre-requisite for rational planning and implementation of targeted interventions for improving the health of the population.

show abstract

“…Other occupations such as waitresses, barmaids, those in the army, migrant workers and prostitutes/commercial sex workers have also been shown to be at increased risk due to the travel associated with some of these occupations or the likelihood of coming in contact with those who travel (Kirunga & Ntozi, 1997;Hope, 2000). Studies also suggest that men with access to resources, including those who are employed, may be more likely to have a greater number of female sexual partners, disposable income and be at increased risk for HIV (Wilkins et al, 1991;Gregson et al, 2001). Furthermore, rural sub-Saharan African studies indicate that those who frequently travelled to urban areas were at increased risk of HIV infection ( Van de Perre et al, 1987;Barongo, 1992).…”

Section: History Of Relationship Between Ses Hiv/aids and Sub-saharamentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Status as a Risk Factor for Hiv Infection in Women in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Systematic Review

2004

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This is a critical, systematic review of the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and HIV infection in women in Southern, Central and Eastern Africa. In light of the interest in micro-credit programmes and other HIV prevention interventions structured to empower women through increasing women's access to funds and education, this review examines the epidemiological and public health literature, which ascertains the association between low SES using different measurements of SES and risk of HIV infection in women. Also, given the focus on structural violence and poverty as factors driving the HIV epidemic at a structural/ecological level, as advocated by Paul Farmer and others, this study examines the extent to which differences in SES between individuals in areas with generalized poverty affect risk for SES. Out of 71 studies retrieved, 36 studies met the inclusion criteria including 30 cross-sectional, one case-control and five prospective cohort or nested case-control studies. Thirty-five studies used at least one measurement of female's SES and fourteen also included a measurement of partner's SES. Studies used variables measuring educational level, household income and occupation or employment status at the individual and neighbourhood level to ascertain SES. Of the 36 studies, fifteen found no association between SES and HIV infection, twelve found an association between high SES and HIV infection, eight found an association between low SES and HIV infection and one was mixed. In interpreting these results, this review examines the role of potential confounders and effect modifiers such as history of STDs, number of partners, living in urban or rural areas and time and location of study in sub-Saharan Africa. It is argued that STDs and number of partners are on the causal pathway under investigation between HIV and SES and should not be adjusted as confounders in any analysis. In conclusion, it is argued that in low-income subSaharan Africans countries, where poverty is widespread, increasing access to resources for women may initially increase risk of HIV or have no effect on risk-taking behaviours. In some parts of Southern Africa where per capita 1 income is higher and within-country inequalities in wealth are greater, studies suggest that increasing SES may decrease risk. This review concludes that increased SES may have differential effects on married and unmarried women and further studies should use multiple measures of SES. Lastly, it is suggested that the partner's SES (measured by education or income/ employment) may be a stronger predictor of female HIV serostatus than measures of female SES.

show abstract

Risk factors for HIV-2 infection in The Gambia

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi, Ghana

HIV/AIDS-related stigma in Kumasi, Ghana

20-Years of Population-Based Cancer Registration in Hepatitis B and Liver Cancer Prevention in The Gambia, West Africa

Socioeconomic Status as a Risk Factor for Hiv Infection in Women in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Systematic Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About