Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection. A case-control study of blood donors in the Trent Region (UK)

Neal, Keith; Jones, David J.; Killey, D.; James, Veronica

doi:10.1017/s0950268800051293

Cited by 70 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The relative risk in people after acupuncture ranged between 1.9 (Michitaka et al, 1991) and 3.3 (Shin et al, 2000) and tended to increase with the increase in acupuncture sessions. No increased risk of HCV infection after acupuncture, however, was found in Japan, among atomic bomb survivors (Fujiwara et al, 2000), the United Kingdom (Neal et al, 1994) and the United States (Alter, 1999), though in Western countries the practice was seldom reported (Alter, 1999). The proportion of people with a history of acupuncture in our survey in South Korea (68%) is the highest reported so far in any study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Hepatitis B and C virus prevalence in a rural area of South Korea: the role of acupuncture

Shin

Kim

et al. 2002

Br J Cancer

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A cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of and the risk factors for hepatitis C and B viruses among 700 adults above the age of 40 years in a rural area of South Korea. Seropositivity for hepatitis C virus antibody (11.0%, 95% confidence interval: 8.7 -13.6) was higher than that for hepatitis B surface antigen (4.4%, 95% confidence interval: 3.0 -6.2). Anti-hepatitis C virus seropositivity was associated with a history of repeated acupuncture (odds ratio=2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.1 -4.0), and blood transfusion (odds ratio=5.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.6 -19.3) before 1992 when hepatitis C virus screening in blood donors became mandatory. Hepatitis C virus 2a was the most prevalent genotype, followed by 1b. Hepatitis C virus risk attributable to acupuncture was 38% (9% for men and 55% for women). Safer acupuncture practice has become a priority for hepatitis C virus prevention in South Korea. Liver cancer mortality in South Korea is one of the highest in the world at 30.3 and 9.7 per 100 000 for men and women, respectively (world age-standardised WHO, 1998). Both hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV) infection are strong risk factors for the development of liver cancer in South Korea (Shin et al, 1996), as well as in other countries (IARC, 1994). In 1991, HBV was found to be the most important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Korea (Yoo et al, 1991). Since then, however, HCV infection has shown a stronger association in elderly HCC patients (Lee et al, 1993;Huh et al, 1998).Since the introduction of an HCV antibody (anti-HCV) test for screening blood donors in Korea in April 1991, HCV exposure among blood recipients has decreased. However, HCV transmission may still be prevalent in certain areas, due to such practices as acupuncture. Indeed, a history of acupuncture has been reported by more than one third of subjects in a study in South Korea (Shin et al, 2000). Major indications for acupuncture include arthritis and other joint diseases, the sequelae of trauma, headache, and a broad range of minor diseases not responding to conventional medical treatments (http://www.acu.pe.kr).A survey in 1993 in a rural district showed a high prevalence of anti-HCV (5.5% among subjects over 10 years of age) and suggested a role for parenteral viral exposure other than blood transfusion (Shin et al, 2000). We therefore conducted a crosssectional study in a different part of the same rural area. METHODS Study area and subjectsThe study area was in a rural part of south-east Korea (population 4500) where mortality rates for liver cancer are 120% and 50% higher than the national average in men and women, respectively (Lee et al, 2001). The majority of the population in the study area is employed in agriculture, and their socio-cultural characteristics are similar to those in other rural areas in Korea.In 1999, the 2299 inhabitants of the area over 40 years of age formed the target population for a survey in the preparation for a large prospective cohort study (Yoo et al, 2002). The survey aimed...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Hepatitis B and C virus prevalence in a rural area of South Korea: the role of acupuncture

Shin

Kim

et al. 2002

Br J Cancer

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“…A case-control study among British blood donors found that having been an HCW was a risk factor for having HCV infection (196). A number of case reports have documented occupational HCV transmission from anti-HCV-positive patients to HCWs in a variety of settings (234,263,268 Follow-up studies of HCWs who sustained percutaneous exposures to blood from anti-HCV-positive patients have found variable rates of HCV transmission (30,140,161,223,247,284).…”

Section: Risk Of Hcv Infection Postexposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk and Management of Blood-Borne Infections in Health Care Workers

Beltrami¹,

Williams

Shapiro

et al. 2000

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

355

209

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“…For the analysis of potential risk facEnhanced surveillance of acute hepatitis B and C tors, a ranking of the known potential risk factors was determined based on currently available epidemiological information. This includes results from the Sentinel Health Unit Surveillance from 1993 to 1995 in Canada (Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, unpublished data), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hepatitis surveillance report (14), and data in the epidemiological literature for hepatitis B (3,5,15) and hepatitis C (4,6,(16)(17)(18)(19), respectively. According to the ranking (see ordered lists of risk factors in the previous section), a case was assigned to a single risk factor category if the patient reported a history of such a risk factor in the six months before the onset of the disease, regardless of a history of other risk factors that were ranked lower than this risk factor in the ranking.…”

Section: Population Under Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Surveillance of Acute Hepatitis B and C in Four Health Regions in Canada, 1998 TO 1999

Zou

Zhang²,

Tepper³

et al. 2001

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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OBJECTIVE:To assess the incidence and risk factors for acute hepatitis B and acute hepatitis C in a defined Canadian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An enhanced surveillance system was established in October 1998 to identify cases of acute hepatitis B and C infections in four regions in Canada, with a total population of approximately 3.2 million people. Information on demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory results and potential risk factors was collected using predefined questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 79 cases of acute hepatitis B and 102 cases of acute hepatitis C were identified from October 1998 to December 1999, resulting in an incidence rate of 2.3 and 2.9/100,000 person-years, respectively. Males had higher incidence rates than females. The incidence of acute hepatitis B peaked at age 30 to 39 years for both males and females, whereas acute hepatitis C peaked at 30 to 39 years for males and 15 to 29 years for females. At least 34% of acute hepatitis B and 63% of acute hepatitis C were associated with injection drug use. Persons who were 15 to 39 years of age were more likely to report injection drug use as a risk factor. Heterosexual contact was reported to be a risk factor for 36.6% of acute hepatitis B cases and 3.5% of acute hepatitis C cases. CONCLUSIONS: The surveillance provides national incidence estimates of clinically recognized acute hepatitis B and C. Both hepatitis B and C are important public health threats to Canadians. Prevention efforts for both diseases should focus on injection drug use, especially for people aged 15 to 39 years. Risky sexual behaviour is also a major concern in prevention of hepatitis B in Canada.

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Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection. A case-control study of blood donors in the Trent Region (UK)

Cited by 70 publications

References 22 publications

Hepatitis B and C virus prevalence in a rural area of South Korea: the role of acupuncture

Hepatitis B and C virus prevalence in a rural area of South Korea: the role of acupuncture

Risk and Management of Blood-Borne Infections in Health Care Workers

Enhanced Surveillance of Acute Hepatitis B and C in Four Health Regions in Canada, 1998 TO 1999

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