Risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in disease pathogenesis and prognosis: the importance of smoking cessation and the concept of harm reduction
A. I. Stukan,
V. N. Bodnya,
V. A. Porkhanov
et al.
Abstract:Introduction. Cigarette smoking along with alcohol consumption, infection with human papilloma (HPV) and the Epstein–Barr viruses, is one of the main risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It can also contribute to virus-associated carcinogenesis and affect the clinical and prognostic features of the tumor. Continued smoking at diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a negative prognostic factor and contributes to reduced patient survival rates. Aim. To analyze the smoking stat… Show more
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