Risk Factors for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Herpangina and the Preventive Effect of Hand-washing

Ruan, Feng; Tao, Yang; Ma, Hongxia; Yan, Jin; Song, Siyuan; Fontaine, Robert E.; Zhu, Bao–Ping

doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1497

Cited by 76 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…These conditions make it necessary to perform experimental operations related to live HEV71 virus in biosafety level 2 (BSL‐2) facilities,9 an inconvenience, considering the disposal of samples and use of instruments. As an alternative, virus‐like particles (VLPs) are empty particles consisting of viral structural proteins without viral genetic material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Process of Wrapping Virus Revealed by a Force Tracing Technique and Simulations

Pan

Zhang

et al. 2017

Advanced Science

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Viral entry into the host cell is the first step of virus infection; however, its dynamic process via endocytosis remains largely elusive. Here, the force tracing technique and single particle simulation are combined to investigate the invagination of single human enterovirus 71 (HEV71, a positive single‐stranded RNA virus that is associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease) via cell membranes during its host cell entry. The experimental results reveal that the HEV71 invaginates in membrane vesicles at a force of 58 ± 16 pN, a duration time of 278 ± 68 ms. The simulation further shows that the virus can reach a partially wrapped state very fast, then the upper surface of the virus is covered by the membrane traveling over a long period of time. Combining the experiment with the simulation, the mechanism of membrane wrapping of virus is uncovered, which provides new insights into how the cell is operated to initiate the endocytosis of virus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Process of Wrapping Virus Revealed by a Force Tracing Technique and Simulations

Pan

Zhang

et al. 2017

Advanced Science

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“…Past studies suggested that early implementation of outbreak management practices can be effective in minimising HFMD spread. 3,7,18,19 There has been no comprehensive systematic review of evidence from HFMD outbreaks, however, to elucidate the most important factors for outbreak control.…”

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confidence: 99%

Best practices to prevent transmission and control outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease in childcare facilities: a systematic review

et al. 2017

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“…13,14 Children aged ,5 years are most often affected with transmission occurring via fecal-oral route, vesicle fluid, or respiratory secretions. 15 Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) and enterovirus 71 are the 2 most commonly reported causes of HFMD. 16,17 CVA16 has traditionally been considered the most frequent cause of HFMD in the United States.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Eczema Coxsackium” and Unusual Cutaneous Findings in an Enterovirus Outbreak

Oza²,

et al. 2013

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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the atypical cutaneous presentations in the coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6)–associated North American enterovirus outbreak of 2011–2012. METHODS: We performed a retrospective case series of pediatric patients who presented with atypical cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) from July 2011 to June 2012 at 7 academic pediatric dermatology centers. Patients were included if they tested positive for CVA6 or if they met clinical criteria for atypical HFMD (an enanthem or exanthem characteristic of HFMD with unusual morphology or extent of cutaneous findings). We collected demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical data including history of skin conditions, morphology and extent of exanthem, systemic symptoms, and diagnostic test results. RESULTS: Eighty patients were included in this study (median age 1.5 years, range 4 months–16 years). Seventeen patients were CVA6-positive, and 63 met clinical inclusion criteria. Ninety-nine percent of patients exhibited a vesiculobullous and erosive eruption; 61% of patients had rash involving >10% body surface area. The exanthem had a perioral, extremity, and truncal distribution in addition to involving classic HFMD areas such as palms, soles, and buttocks. In 55% of patients, the eruption was accentuated in areas of eczematous dermatitis, termed “eczema coxsackium.” Other morphologies included Gianotti-Crosti–like (37%), petechial/purpuric (17%) eruptions, and delayed onychomadesis and palm and sole desquamation. There were no patients with serious systemic complications. CONCLUSIONS: The CVA6-associated enterovirus outbreak was responsible for an exanthem potentially more widespread, severe, and varied than classic HFMD that could be confused with bullous impetigo, eczema herpeticum, vasculitis, and primary immunobullous disease.

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Risk Factors for Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Herpangina and the Preventive Effect of Hand-washing

Abstract: Hand-washing by preschool-aged children and their caregivers had a significant protective effect against community-acquired HFMD and herpangina from the human enterovirus 71 infection.

Cited by 76 publications

References 35 publications

The Process of Wrapping Virus Revealed by a Force Tracing Technique and Simulations

The Process of Wrapping Virus Revealed by a Force Tracing Technique and Simulations

Best practices to prevent transmission and control outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease in childcare facilities: a systematic review

“Eczema Coxsackium” and Unusual Cutaneous Findings in an Enterovirus Outbreak

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