Risk Factors for Group A Streptococcus Colonization During an Outbreak Among People Experiencing Homelessness in Anchorage, Alaska, 2017

Adebanjo, Tolulope; Mosites, Emily; Beneden, Chris Van; Onukwube, Jennifer; Blum, Matthew F.; Harper, Michael; Rudolph, Karen; Frick, Anna; Castrodale, Louisa; McLaughlin, Joseph; Bruce, Michael G.; Gounder, Prabhu

doi:10.1093/cid/ciy429

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…People with underlying medical conditions are also more vulnerable to GAS infections, as seen in the reviewed articles [10,17,27,[59][60][61][62]. This review also showed that previous skin conditions and recent wounds were also some of the medical conditions that favored the transmission of GAS infections [50,71]. Pre-existing medical conditions and co-infections such as influenza, malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, HIV and malaria also expose people to GAS infections, due to a reduced immunity for fighting infections [10,17,27,[59][60][61][62]78], as seen in the reviewed articles.…”

Section: At Risk Groupsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…This includes homelessness [10,28,62,[70][71][72][73], household overcrowding [20,51], limited household resources (including the sharing of personal items) [15,71], and poor housing conditions, such as dampness, poor ventilation and house temperature [18,20]. Low socioeconomic status [9,20,30], environmental tobacco smoke exposure [53,120] and exposure to biting insects or skin injuries or diseases were also identified as risk factors [15,60,71,112,121]. Several studies noted seasonal variations in the prevalence of GAS diseases [8,52,53,57].…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has been attributed to lower hygiene standards among the boys [36]. Poor hygiene practices like infrequent tooth brushing among people living in homeless shelters also contributes to an increased risk of GAS spread among these population groups [71]. Broken skin was also identified as a risk factor for GAS transmission.…”

Section: Risk Factors For Gas Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Streptococcus pyogenes: Public Health Risk Factors, Prevention and Control

2021

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Streptococcus pyogenes, (colloquially named “group A streptococcus” (GAS)), is a pathogen of public health significance, infecting 18.1 million people worldwide and resulting in 500,000 deaths each year. This review identified published articles on the risk factors and public health prevention and control strategies for mitigating GAS diseases. The pathogen causing GAS diseases is commonly transmitted via respiratory droplets, touching skin sores caused by GAS or through contact with contaminated material or equipment. Foodborne transmission is also possible, although there is need for further research to quantify this route of infection. It was found that GAS diseases are highly prevalent in developing countries, and among indigenous populations and low socioeconomic areas in developed countries. Children, the immunocompromised and the elderly are at the greatest risk of S. pyogenes infections and the associated sequelae, with transmission rates being higher in schools, kindergartens, hospitals and residential care homes. This was attributed to overcrowding and the higher level of social contact in these settings. Prevention and control measures should target the improvement of living conditions, and personal and hand hygiene. Adherence to infection prevention and control practices should be emphasized in high-risk settings. Resource distribution by governments, especially in developed countries, should also be considered.

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Section: At Risk Groupsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Risk Factors For Gas Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Streptococcus pyogenes: Public Health Risk Factors, Prevention and Control

2021

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“…Clinical manifestations of iGAS disease include cellulitis, bacteremia, pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Outbreaks of iGAS disease can occur and have been reported in residents of long-term care facility (Deutscher et al, 2011;Dooling et al, 2013;Ahmed et al, 2018;Nanduri et al, 2019), in people experiencing homelessness (Bundle et al, 2017;Adebanjo et al, 2018;Mosites et al, 2018), and in people who inject drugs (Lamagni et al, 2008;Kwiatkowska et al, 2018). Frequency of predominant GAS strains in a community often vary over time, presumably due to changes in population-level immunity against certain strains (Vlaminckx et al, 2005;Stockmann et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Surveillance of Streptococcus pyogenes Strains Causing Invasive Disease, United States, 2016–2017

Rivers

Mathis

et al. 2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Background: Streptococcus pyogenes is a major cause of severe, invasive infections in humans. The bacterial pathogen harbors a wide array of virulence factors and exhibits high genomic diversity. Rapid changes of circulating strains in a community are common. Understanding the current prevalence and dynamics of S. pyogenes lineages could inform vaccine development and disease control strategies. Methods: We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to characterize all invasive S. pyogenes isolates obtained through the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) in 2016 and 2017. We determined the distribution of strain features, including emm type, antibiotic resistance determinants, and selected virulence factors. Changes in strain feature distribution between years 2016 and 2017 were evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis was used to identify expanding lineages within emm type. Results: Seventy-one emm types were identified from 3873 isolates characterized. The emm types targeted by a 30-valent M protein-based vaccine accounted for 3230 (89%) isolates. The relative frequencies of emm types collected during the 2 years were similar. While all isolates were penicillin-susceptible, erythromycin-resistant isolates increased from 273 (16% of 2016 isolates) to 432 (23% of 2017 isolates), mainly driven by increase of the erm-positive emm types 92 and 83. The prevalence of 24 virulence factors, including 11 streptococcal pyrogenic toxins, ranged from 6 to 90%. In each of three emm types (emm 49, 82, and 92), a subgroup of isolates significantly expanded between 2016 and 2017 compared to isolates outside of the subgroup (Pvalues < 0.0001). Specific genomic sequence changes were associated with these expanded lineages.

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“…Moreover, S. pyogenes frequently develop antibiotic resistance against erythromycin, tetracycline and fluoroquinolones, due to the expression of biofilm formation and alteration of efflux pumps [3][4][5]. Due to the high prevalence of multi-drugresistant strains of S. pyogenes, it has been listed among the top leading pathogens threatening the current antibiotic era and its outburst occurrence has increased worldwide over the last two decades [6,7]. Biofilm formation is important virulence factor responsible for the development of S. pyogenes infections on the surface of host tissues (biotic) and medicinal devices and implants (abiotic), which has attracted considerable interest from scientific communities in recent years [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eucalyptol inhibits biofilm formation of Streptococcus pyogenes and its mediated virulence factors

Vijayakumar

Manigandan

Danaraj

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Introduction. Streptococcus pyogenes is a diverse virulent synthesis pathogen responsible for invasive systemic infections. Establishment of antibiotic resistance in the pathogen has produced a need for new antibiofilm agents to control the biofilm formation and reduce biofilm-associated resistance development. Aim. The present study investigates the in vitro antibiofilm activity of eucalyptol against S. pyogenes . Methodology. The antibiofilm potential of eucalyptol was assessed using a microdilution method and their biofilm inhibition efficacy was visualized by microscopic analysis. The biochemical assays were performed to assess the influence of eucalyptol on virulence productions. Real-time PCR analysis was performed to evaluate the expression profile of the virulence genes. Results. Eucalyptol showed significant antibiofilm potential in a dose-dependent manner without affecting bacterial growth. Eucalyptol at 300 µg ml−1 (biofilm inhibitory concentration) significantly inhibited the initial stage of biofilm formation in S. pyogenes . However, eucalyptol failed to diminish the mature biofilms of S. pyogenes at biofilm inhibitory concentration and it effectively reduced the biofilm formation on stainless steel, titanium, and silicone surfaces. The biochemical assay results revealed that eucalyptol greatly affects the cell-surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, extracellular protease, haemolysis and hyaluronic acid synthesis. Further, the gene-expression analysis results showed significant downregulation of virulence gene expression upon eucalyptol treatment. Conclusion. The present study suggests that eucalyptol applies its antibiofilm assets by intruding the initial biofilm formation of S. pyogenes . Supplementary studies are needed to understand the mode of action involved in biofilm inhibition.

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Risk Factors for Group A Streptococcus Colonization During an Outbreak Among People Experiencing Homelessness in Anchorage, Alaska, 2017

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

A Review of Streptococcus pyogenes: Public Health Risk Factors, Prevention and Control

A Review of Streptococcus pyogenes: Public Health Risk Factors, Prevention and Control

Genomic Surveillance of Streptococcus pyogenes Strains Causing Invasive Disease, United States, 2016–2017

Eucalyptol inhibits biofilm formation of Streptococcus pyogenes and its mediated virulence factors

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