Risk factors for excessive tibial plateau angle in large-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease

Duerr, Felix M.; Duncan, Colleen; Savicky, Roman S.; Park, Richard D.; Egger, Erick L.; Palmer, Ross H.

doi:10.2460/javma.231.11.1688

Cited by 89 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…One study reported a significant difference in tibial plateau angle (TPA) between dogs with and without CCL disease 62 ; however, data from multiple studies contradict this and there is no definitive evidence that either TPA or patellar tendon‐tibial plateau angle is a significant risk factor for cruciate disease in dogs. When either of these angles is considered high based on reference intervals in dogs, ex vivo research and theoretical considerations suggest there is increased CCL strain and an increased shear component of total joint force 22,24,25,27,28,30,31,33,34,43,45,47,48,52,61,63 . Thus, these components may contribute to the process of organ failure, but do not appear to be primary causal factors based on current best evidence 57,60,63–67 .…”

Section: What Are Abnormalities In Stifle Joint Biomechanics Associatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs: Biology versus Biomechanics

Cook

2010

Veterinary Surgery

103

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The stifle joint of dogs is an organ comprised of multiple tissue types that must work in concert to maintain joint health and function. Cruciate disease in dogs is caused by a spectrum of causal and risk factors that result in a final common pathway of abnormal biomechanics and abnormal biology causing osteoarthritis, or organ failure, of the stifle and the clinical signs of lameness, pain, and limb dysfunction. It is vital to understand the components of the biologic and biomechanical pathologies to improve our understanding of cruciate disease in dogs so that we can improve preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for our canine patients.

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Section: What Are Abnormalities In Stifle Joint Biomechanics Associatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs: Biology versus Biomechanics

Cook

2010

Veterinary Surgery

103

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“…With regard to joint disorders, one study of effects of neutering in larger breeds documents a 3-fold increase in excessive tibial plateau angle – a known risk factor for development of cranial cruciate ligament tears or rupture (CCL) [17]. Across several breeds, a study of CCL found that neutered males and females were 2 to 3 times more likely than intact dogs to have this disorder [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Health Effects of Neutering Dogs: Comparison of Labrador Retrievers with Golden Retrievers

et al. 2014

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Our recent study on the effects of neutering (including spaying) in Golden Retrievers in markedly increasing the incidence of two joint disorders and three cancers prompted this study and a comparison of Golden and Labrador Retrievers. Veterinary hospital records were examined over a 13-year period for the effects of neutering during specified age ranges: before 6 mo., and during 6–11 mo., year 1 or years 2 through 8. The joint disorders examined were hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament tear and elbow dysplasia. The cancers examined were lymphosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, mast cell tumor, and mammary cancer. The results for the Golden Retriever were similar to the previous study, but there were notable differences between breeds. In Labrador Retrievers, where about 5 percent of gonadally intact males and females had one or more joint disorders, neutering at <6 mo. doubled the incidence of one or more joint disorders in both sexes. In male and female Golden Retrievers, with the same 5 percent rate of joint disorders in intact dogs, neutering at <6 mo. increased the incidence of a joint disorder to 4–5 times that of intact dogs. The incidence of one or more cancers in female Labrador Retrievers increased slightly above the 3 percent level of intact females with neutering. In contrast, in female Golden Retrievers, with the same 3 percent rate of one or more cancers in intact females, neutering at all periods through 8 years of age increased the rate of at least one of the cancers by 3–4 times. In male Golden and Labrador Retrievers neutering had relatively minor effects in increasing the occurrence of cancers. Comparisons of cancers in the two breeds suggest that the occurrence of cancers in female Golden Retrievers is a reflection of particular vulnerability to gonadal hormone removal.

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“…With regard to joint disorders affected by neutering, one study documents a 3-fold increase in excessive tibial plateau angle – a known risk factor for development of CCL – in large dogs [14]. A paper on CCL found that, across all breeds, neutered males and females were 2 to 3 times more likely than intact dogs to have this disorder [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutering Dogs: Effects on Joint Disorders and Cancers in Golden Retrievers

et al. 2013

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In contrast to European countries, the overwhelming majority of dogs in the U.S. are neutered (including spaying), usually done before one year of age. Given the importance of gonadal hormones in growth and development, this cultural contrast invites an analysis of the multiple organ systems that may be adversely affected by neutering. Using a single breed-specific dataset, the objective was to examine the variables of gender and age at the time of neutering versus leaving dogs gonadally intact, on all diseases occurring with sufficient frequency for statistical analyses. Given its popularity and vulnerability to various cancers and joint disorders, the Golden Retriever was chosen for this study. Veterinary hospital records of 759 client-owned, intact and neutered female and male dogs, 1–8 years old, were examined for diagnoses of hip dysplasia (HD), cranial cruciate ligament tear (CCL), lymphosarcoma (LSA), hemangiosarcoma (HSA), and mast cell tumor (MCT). Patients were classified as intact, or neutered early (<12 mo) or late (≥12 mo). Statistical analyses involved survival analyses and incidence rate comparisons. Outcomes at the 5 percent level of significance are reported. Of early-neutered males, 10 percent were diagnosed with HD, double the occurrence in intact males. There were no cases of CCL diagnosed in intact males or females, but in early-neutered males and females the occurrences were 5 percent and 8 percent, respectively. Almost 10 percent of early-neutered males were diagnosed with LSA, 3 times more than intact males. The percentage of HSA cases in late-neutered females (about 8 percent) was 4 times more than intact and early-neutered females. There were no cases of MCT in intact females, but the occurrence was nearly 6 percent in late-neutered females. The results have health implications for Golden Retriever companion and service dogs, and for oncologists using dogs as models of cancers that occur in humans.

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Risk factors for excessive tibial plateau angle in large-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease

Abstract: Results suggested that early neutering was a significant risk factor for development of excessive TPA in large-breed dogs with CCLD. Further research into the effects of early neutering on TPA and the pathophysiology of CCLD is warranted.

Cited by 89 publications

References 18 publications

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs: Biology versus Biomechanics

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs: Biology versus Biomechanics

Long-Term Health Effects of Neutering Dogs: Comparison of Labrador Retrievers with Golden Retrievers

Neutering Dogs: Effects on Joint Disorders and Cancers in Golden Retrievers

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