Risk factors for diphtheria outbreak in children aged 1-10 years in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Ramdan, Iwan Muhamad; Susanti, Rahmi; Ifroh, Riza Hayati; Noviasty, Reny

doi:10.12688/f1000research.16433.1

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…We found no association between carrier status and bed-sharing, staying at the school dormitory, or less frequent bathing, but several other studies have identified those as risk factors for infection (17)(18)(19)(20)(21). A small number of carriers might be a reason that we could not identify the association; biologic characteristics, such as age or individual immunity level, might have been played a greater role than social factors.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

“…The survey teams interviewed each participant by using a standardized questionnaire and collected sociodemographic information. Based on previously reported risk factors for diphtheria infection or carriage of C. diphtheriae, age, vaccination history, seropositivity (diphtheria toxoid IgG titer >0.1 IU/mL), bed-sharing, school attendance, staying in school dormitories, household size, frequency of bathing or handwashing, having livestock or companion animals, diphtheria toxoid IgG level, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were assessed for their association with carriage of Corynebacterium species (13,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). MUAC was used as a measure of the nutritional status of children 1-5 years of age.…”

Section: Data and Sample Collection And Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroepidemiology and Carriage of Diphtheria in Epidemic-Prone Area and Implications for Vaccination Policy, Vietnam

Kitamura¹,

Hoan²,

Hung³

et al. 2023

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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D iphtheria is an infectious disease caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. ulcerans, and, rarely, C. pseudotuberculosis (1-3). Although the diphtheria toxoid vaccine contributed to a decrease in the number of diphtheria cases globally, the disease remains a threat to public health, particularly in South and Southeast Asia (4,5).Currently, the World Health Organization recommends 3 primary doses of the diphtheria-tetanuspertussis (DTP) vaccine in young infants (i.e., at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age), followed by 3 booster doses at 12-23 months, 4-7 years, and 9-15 years of age, to protect all age groups. Nevertheless, many low-and middle-income countries have not introduced all booster doses.The Vietnamese Ministry of Health (MOH) first introduced DTP in 1981, targeting infants 2, 3, and 4 months of age. A booster dose targeting children 18 months of age was introduced during 2011 (6). Because of efforts in vaccination, reported diphtheria cases in Vietnam decreased to nearly zero by 2010. However, several small diphtheria outbreaks in remote districts in central and western Vietnam have been observed since 2013 (7).Supplemental immunization activities (SIAs), in which vaccination is delivered to all targeted persons regardless of their previous vaccination history, were conducted in the areas surrounding Quang Ngai Province when diphtheria cases were identified during 2013-2019 (8). However, most of the population of Quang Ngai Province has not been covered by SIAs as of October 2019. According to the national surveillance program, Quang Ngai Province reported 2 laboratory-confirmed cases in 2017-2018 and 47 in 2019-2020, among an estimated population of 1,231,697 (9). Among these cases, 36 (73%) cases were in school-age children (6-17 years of age). Among confirmed cases, 3 (6%) were fatal.Although national administrative coverage of 3 doses of DTP among infants has been maintained

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 72%

Section: Data and Sample Collection And Ethicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiology and Carriage of Diphtheria in Epidemic-Prone Area and Implications for Vaccination Policy, Vietnam

Kitamura¹,

Hoan²,

Hung³

et al. 2023

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…The first case in 2016 was also the first case appeared in the Jatiluhur Health Center until it spread to the village of Cisalada, Jatiluhur sub-district. The previous research in Indonesia showed that child/parent mobility was the major risk factor of diphtheria Epidemiology and Society Health Review| ESHR outbreak (14). Other risk factors of diphtheria occurrence were nutritional status of children and the source of transmission (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Diphteria in Purwakarta Regency Indonesia

Wijayanti

Fadillah

2019

Epidemiol. Soc. Heal. Rev.

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Background: Diphtheria is considered as a neglected disease since it was successfully eliminated in many countries. However, there were several sporadic re-emergence cases of Diphtheria and the peak was outbreak in Indonesia in 2017. This research was a descriptive study aimed to explore epidemiology of diphtheria by person, time and place in one of diphtheria endemic area.Methods: This was a descriptive study with cross sectional design in Purwakarta Regency, West Java, Indonesia in 2018. Several data were collected in this study such as diphtheria cases by age, time of occurrence, gender, place and immunization status. The data was collected from Purwakarta Health Office. It was the data from the year of 2015-2017. The data was analysed by using descriptive analysis with percentages displayed in graphs and tables.Results: This study reveals that Purwakarta regency is an endemic area of diphtheria with fluctuated cases since 2015-2017. More cases of diphtheria occurred from September to December in rainy season. More cases suffered by children in 5-9 years old, however, this disease also infected adult population. The area with high diphtheria cases in this study also areas with high population densities which is conducive for C diphteriae transmission. Low coverage of immunization is highlighted in the result of this study, which could explain why diphtheria cases occurred continuously in this area.Conclusions: High number of diphtherias in this area should be an awareness for local health officer to do an effective preventive effort such as increasing the coverage of vaccination. Furthermore, optimizing the role of religious and community leader should be made to support diphtheria vaccination programs.

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“…Investigation is related to how chronologically the case occurs, confirms the diagnosis, looks for additional cases, and makes sure there is an outbreak. In the case of diphtheria, epidemiological investigations aim to determine the risk factors for diphtheria so that the spread of diphtheria can be stopped immediately (Widoyono, 2008;Ramdan et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Investigation in Diphtheria Control in Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Aini

Pamungkasari

Probandari

2020

J EPIDEMIOL PUBLIC HEALT

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Background: Extraordinary events (KLB) diphtheria are still found in the city of Banda Aceh. An action is needed to break the chain of diphtheria cases and reduce the number of diphtheria morbidity or mortality, one of which is by conducting an epidemiological investiga-tion of diphtheria. This study aims to see how the implementation of diphtheria epidemiology investigations in the city of Banda Aceh and how it relates to the presence of diphtheria cases in the city of Banda Aceh. Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative multiplecase study. Data were collected by conducting interviews with doctors in five sample community health center in Banda Aceh City. Community health centers were selected by purposive sampling based on primary data regarding the distribution of diphtheria during 2017 and 2018 in Banda Aceh City. This study combined source tri-angulation. The source triangulation informant is surveillance who served in the Banda Aceh City Health Service. Results: The epidemiological investigation effort at the puskesmas began by immediately sending a diphtheria fast-moving team to carry out a chronological-related survey of cases and collect data on close contacts in the case environment. In close contact data collection there are community health center that do not record complete close contact so prophylaxis cannot cover all close contacts. The stage of examination of throat or nose specimens for close contact is also not carried out in some community health center. Conclusion: Epidemiological investigations play an important role in breaking the chain of diphtheria distribution. Skipping stages in epidemiological investigations can provide a gap for the development of diphtheria in the case environment. Puskesmas that carry out a complete stage of epidemiological investigation are proven to be able to eradicate the incidence of diphtheria in their working area.

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Risk factors for diphtheria outbreak in children aged 1-10 years in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Seroepidemiology and Carriage of Diphtheria in Epidemic-Prone Area and Implications for Vaccination Policy, Vietnam

Seroepidemiology and Carriage of Diphtheria in Epidemic-Prone Area and Implications for Vaccination Policy, Vietnam

Epidemiology of Diphteria in Purwakarta Regency Indonesia

Epidemiological Investigation in Diphtheria Control in Banda Aceh, Indonesia

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