Risk factors for dementia

McCullagh, Catriona D.; Craig, David W.; McIlroy, Stephen P.; Passmore, A. Peter

doi:10.1192/apt.7.1.24

Cited by 60 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The prevalence of dementia in this study (12.9%) is similar to reported studies from Canada 8% [26], Italy 9.8% [27] and Netherlands 13.3% [28], but much higher than a previous hospital based study in Saudi Arabia 0.2% [12] and other countries. Farrag et al, 1998, [29] reported a prevalence of 4.5 % in As suit governorate-Egypt.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Characteristics of Patients with Dementia Attended in a Tertiary Outpatient Clinic in Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia

Shams¹

2014

J Psychiatry

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Characteristics of Patients with Dementia Attended in a Tertiary Outpatient Clinic in Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia

Shams¹

2014

J Psychiatry

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“…Vascular dementia accounts for 24-48% of dementing illness in the older patients, an incidence of 6-10 in 10,000 per year in those older than 70 years [1] . The prevalence of dementia increased exponentially with age from 12.7% per year in the 90-94 years of age, to 21.2% per year in the 40.7% per year in the 100+ years of age [37] .…”

Section: Public Health Implicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of dementia is increasing dramatically worldwide, but the types of dementia vary between countries [1] . Alzheimer disease is the most common type of dementia in Western countries, whereas vascular dementia is more common in Asia [2] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzodiazepine Use and Risk of Dementia in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2016

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Background: Benzodiazepines are a widely used medication in developed countries, particularly among elderly patients. However, benzodiazepines are known to affect memory and cognition and might thus enhance the risk of dementia. The objective of this review is to synthesize evidence from observational studies that evaluated the association between benzodiazepines use and dementia risk. Summary: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled observational studies to evaluate the risk of benzodiazepines use on dementia outcome. All control observational studies that compared dementia outcome in patients with benzodiazepine use with a control group were included. We calculated pooled ORs using a random-effects model. Ten studies (of 3,696 studies identified) were included in the systematic review, of which 8 studies were included in random-effects meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses. Odds of dementia were 78% higher in those who used benzodiazepines compared with those who did not use benzodiazepines (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.33-2.38). In subgroup analysis, the higher association was still found in the studies from Asia (OR 2.40; 95% CI 1.66-3.47) whereas a moderate association was observed in the studies from North America and Europe (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.34-1.65 and OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.16-1.75). Also, diabetics, hypertension, cardiac disease, and statin drugs were associated with increased risk of dementia but negative association was observed in the case of body mass index. There was significant statistical and clinical heterogeneity among studies for the main analysis and most of the sensitivity analyses. There was significant statistical and clinical heterogeneity among the studies for the main analysis and most of the sensitivity analyses. Key Messages: Our results suggest that benzodiazepine use is significantly associated with dementia risk. However, observational studies cannot clarify whether the observed epidemiologic association is a causal effect or the result of some unmeasured confounding variable. Therefore, more research is needed.

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“…Females have been shown to be at increased risk for dementia in developed regions as well as Asian countries, but this association was not clear for African and Latin American countries. 3 Hormonal factors have been implicated in the differential risk of women 53 , however other protective factors may exist that are unique to women in developing countries; identification of such factors could be useful in reducing the risk to women in developed countries.…”

Section: Demographic Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a heterogeneous elderly population: prevalence and risk profile

et al. 2013

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Objective: To describe the demographic, clinical and risk profile of Mild Cognitive Impairment and dementia in a sample of elderly South Africans within a residential setting. Method: One hundred and forty participants residing in a group of residential homes for the elderly were assessed by psychiatrists and assigned diagnoses of dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Participants diagnosed with dementia were also offered haematological investigations and a CT scan of the brain. Results: The sample consisted of 140 participants comprising 46.4% White, 29.3% Coloured, 20% Asian and 4.3% Black participants. There were 97 (69.3%) females and 106 (75.7%) participants had less than 12 years of education. Eleven (7.9%) dementia and 38 (27.1%) MCI cases were diagnosed. Increasing age was associated with cognitive impairment (MCI and dementia) (p=.020) but there was no association between gender and cognitive impairment (p=.165). MCI was significantly associated with a lower education level (p=.036) and no association was found between depression (current-p=.646; past-p=.719) and dementia or MCI. The presence of vascular risk factors (n=140) ranged from 66.4% (hypertension) to 14.3% (stroke). Subjective memory complaints were significantly associated with cognitive impairment (p=.001). Except for the use of the telephone (p=.225) and the television (p=.08), impairment in all domains of instrumental activities of daily living that were assessed were significantly associated with a dementia diagnosis. Conclusion: The study showed that cognitive impairment was associated with increasing age and low education levels. The presence of vascular risk factors places this population at risk for future cognitive decline. ?? differences in the risk profile (low levels of cardiovascular risk and hypolipidaemia) in LAMIC populations may be contributing to the lower rates. 1 While the incidence and prevalence of dementia have been extensively studied in Western and European countries 5 there remains a dearth of similar studies from Africa. The few studies conducted in Africa prior to 2000 used small samples and was reported to have used 'non-standardised clinical assessments'. 10 Recent studies from Africa reported prevalence figures ranging from 2.6% to 8.1%. 11,12,13 Dementia studies from South Africa include a Western Cape sample of coloured people 14 , with a prevalence of 8.6%, and a Free State sample of indigenous Sotho-speaking elderly black people 15 , which reported a prevalence of 7.7%. This paper describes the clinical and risk profile of a sample of elderly participants who were assessed for the presence of dementia and MCI. In addition, the value of functional assessments and subjective memory complaints in case-finding are also explored. Keywords MethodThe study consisted of three stages: 1) Administration of dementia screening tools; 2) Clinical diagnostic evaluation for dementia; and 3) Administration of a neuropsychological battery of tests. SampleThe study population comprised residents (N=1450) of a ...

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Risk factors for dementia

Cited by 60 publications

References 45 publications

Characteristics of Patients with Dementia Attended in a Tertiary Outpatient Clinic in Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia

Characteristics of Patients with Dementia Attended in a Tertiary Outpatient Clinic in Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia

Benzodiazepine Use and Risk of Dementia in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a heterogeneous elderly population: prevalence and risk profile

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