Risk Factors for Cortical, Nuclear, and Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts: The POLA Study

Delcourt, Cécile; Cristol, Jean‐Paul; Tessier, Frédéric J.; Léger, Claude; Michel, Françoise; Papoz, L

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010235

Cited by 236 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Several new reports have been published on the risk factors associated with the prevalence of cataracts since the last major reviews, confirming previously identified associations for smoking, 23,34,36,37 diabetes, 34,[38][39][40][41] and UV-B exposure, 23,34,36,[42][43][44][45] and indicating new associations that would need further explorations. 23,32,34,36,[38][39][40]46 Thus, more attention has been paid to systemic diseases and the use of medications.…”

Section: Recent Reportssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…23,32,34,36,[38][39][40]46 Thus, more attention has been paid to systemic diseases and the use of medications. An increased risk of cortical cataract prevalence was associated with the use of amiodarone, 46 gout duration of greater than 10 years, arthritis and the use of oral beta-blockers, 23,34 weight change, and use of thyroid hormones.…”

Section: Recent Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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External factors in the development of cataract

Robman

Taylor

2005

Eye

170

114

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Aims To provide an update on the risk factors for cataract development. Methods Review of the literature. Results Age and heredity are the most important risk factors associated with the different types of cataract. While the hereditary component is self-explanatory, increasing age serves as a surrogate for a number of potential external risk factors, the effect of which is cumulative. Identification of the risk factors that have a causal effect on cataract development may provide means for cataract prevention. There are only a few risk factors that satisfy the criteria for causal effect: smoking, which results in the increased risk of nuclear cataract, excessive UV-B exposure and diabetes that increase the risk of cortical cataract, and steroidal treatment, diabetes and ionising radiation that lead to the formation of posterior subcapsular opacity. The effect of medications on cataract development requires further study, since the effect of the diseases should be distinguished from that of treatment. 'Stop Smoking' and 'UV-B protection' campaigns are gaining momentum as preventative measures, while the attempts to actively prevent cataract with antioxidants have not been successful. Cataract research has been facilitated lately by improvements of precision and standardisation in measuring lens opacities. However, measurement precision on its own cannot give us a solution to this problem. Conclusion The major studies repeatedly measure the exposure to the traditional health hazards, while the missing parts in the equation are those risk factors that we do not know about and therefore do not measure. New approaches and new hypotheses are needed.

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Section: Recent Reportssupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Recent Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

External factors in the development of cataract

Robman

Taylor

2005

Eye

170

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We found that the age-and sex-adjusted RR of dying in diabetic patients on insulin treatment was 2.7 (95% CI 1.7-4.4) after the 5-year follow-up. Several studies have shown diabetes is a risk factor for both cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract (26,27). Cortical cataract is a frequent type of agerelated cataract, and in this study advanced cortical cataract affected 6% of the subjects, whereas advanced posterior subcapsular cataract affected Ͻ2%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 46%

Diabetes and Risk of Fracture

et al. 2001

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OBJECTIVE -To examine associations between measures of diabetes and risk of fracture in a population-based sample of older Australians.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -This was a prospective study of 3,654 subjects aged 49 years and older who were residents in the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, Australia. At baseline, subjects were asked questions about history and treatment of diabetes, and fasting blood samples were taken. Photographs were taken of the retina and lens to grade retinopathy and cataract. Details of fractures (excluding rib and vertebral fractures) were collected by a combination of self-report and medical record searches; all fractures were radiologically confirmed.RESULTS -After 2 years of follow-up, we found that several diabetes-related factors were significantly associated (in multivariate models) with increased risk of all fractures combined, including presence of diabetic retinopathy (adjusted RR 5.4, 95% CI 2.7-10.8), diabetes duration Ն10 years (3.3, 1.3-8.2), cortical cataract involving Ն25% of the lens area (2.5, 1.3-4.7), and insulin treatment (5.9, 2.6 -13.5). The proximal humerus was the only individual fracture site associated with diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy (10.3, 2.2-48.0), diabetes duration (for Ն10 years duration; 11.4, 2.4 -54.2), and insulin treatment (18.8, 4.0 -88.7) were all associated with proximal humerus fracture.CONCLUSIONS -These data suggest a significantly increased risk of fracture associated with diabetic retinopathy, advanced cortical cataract, longer diabetes duration, and insulin treatment. However, there are some shortcomings in this study that may limit these findings.

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“…Estimates of age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) and linear trend of foods and beverages for prostate cancer were calculated by conditional logistic regression models with adjustment for cigarette smoking and total energy intake as potential confounding factors. Because some controls were selected from patients with smoking-related diseases, such as cataracts 10,11) and oral diseases, [12][13][14] we adjusted for cigarette smoking in the analyses. Energy adjustment was performed by a logistic regression model that used total energy as a confounding factor, since food groups were analyzed instead of nutrients in this report.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case‐control study of diet and prostate cancer in Japan: possible protective effect of traditional Japanese diet

et al. 2004

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The age-adjusted incidence of prostate cancer is low in Japan, and it has been suggested that the traditional Japanese diet, which includes many soy products, plays a preventive role against prostate cancer. We performed a case-control study on dietary factors and prostate cancer in order to assess the hypothesis that the traditional Japanese diet reduces the risk of prostate cancer. Four geographical areas (Ibaraki, Fukuoka, Nara, and Hokkaido) of Japan were selected for the survey. Average daily intake of food from 5 years before the diagnosis was measured by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We studied 140 cases and 140 individually age ( ± ± ± ±5 years)-matched hospital controls for analysis. Estimates of age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and linear trends were calculated by conditional logistic regression models with adjustment for cigarette smoking and total energy intake as confounding factors. Consumption of fish, all soybean products, tofu (bean curds), and natto (fermented soybeans) was associated with decreased risk. ORs of the fourth vs. first quartile and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were 0.45 (0.20-1.02) for fish, 0.53 (0.24-1.14) for all soybean products, 0.47 (0.20-1.08) for tofu, and 0.25 (0.05-1.24) for natto. Consumption of fish and natto showed significantly decreasing linear trends for risk (P < < < <0.05). Consumption of meat was significantly associated with increased risk (the OR of the second vs. first quartile was 2.19, 95%CI 1.00-4.81). Consumption of milk, fruits, all vegetables, green-yellow vegetables, and tomatoes showed no association. Our results provide support to the hypothesis that the traditional Japanese diet, which is rich in soybean products and fish, might be protective against prostate cancer. (Cancer Sci 2004; 95: 238-242) he age-standardized incidence of prostate cancer is low in Japan (10.0 per 100,000), being approximately one-tenth of that in the United States.1) Among Japanese immigrant in Hawaii, age-standardized incidence of prostate cancer is approximately ten times that in Japan.2) It is suggested that environmental factors such as dietary habits play a major role in causation of prostate cancer. A number of case-control studies have indicated that high intake of fat, especially saturated fat, increases the risk of prostate cancer.3) In contrast, high intake of isoflavone, which is mainly found in soybeans and soy products, may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. 4,5) The traditional Japanese diet which includes many soy products is richer in isoflavone, 6,7) and contains less fat than the Western diet. However, an epidemiological study of prostate cancer in Kyoto in 1988 8) yielded no evidence that fat or soybeans were associated with the risk of prostate cancer.Recently in Japan, the incidence rate of prostate cancer has been increasing cocomitantly with the westernization of dietary habits. We carried out a case-control study on dietary factors and prostate cancer to assess the hypothesis that the traditional Japanese diet reduc...

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Risk Factors for Cortical, Nuclear, and Posterior Subcapsular Cataracts: The POLA Study

Cited by 236 publications

References 38 publications

External factors in the development of cataract

External factors in the development of cataract

Diabetes and Risk of Fracture

A case‐control study of diet and prostate cancer in Japan: possible protective effect of traditional Japanese diet

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