Risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients below 45 years of age

Abstract

Objective: To examine the traditional risk factors and biochemical profile of patients with established CAD (coronary artery disease), and compare the trends of these in specified age groups of different populations as depicted in various studies. Methodology: All consecutive patients below 45 years of age, having classical history of Ischemic heart disease and also having definite ECG changes consistent with coronary artery disease were enrolled. These patients were admitted to CCU/Intermediate Coronary Care Unit of Pakistan Ordinance Factories (POF) Hospital Wah Cantonment from April 2007 to December 2011. Patients who had doubtful history as regards CHD and those having ECG changes not classically consistent with CAD were excluded. Information collected through Performa included history including family history and details of risk factors. Clinical examination was carried out and relevant investigations including the serial ECG changes were recorded. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast of 14 hours and tests were done for total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol by using Pioneer-USA, linear chemical kits by cholesterol oxidase and enzymatic calometric method. Results: A total of 109 cases were included. Cigarette smoking (46%) Family history (43%), Hypertension (37%), Dyslipidemia (33%), Diabetes mellitus (18%) and above normal BMI (63.3%) are the most common risk factors in our patients. Increased abdominal girth has appeared to be an important risk factor and at occasions is documented to be independent of obesity. Casual dietary habits and sedentary life style are the other less important risk factors. The majority of risk factors were equally prevalent in males as well as females except smoking which was less prevalent in females. Conclusions: Our study shows that Family history, Smoking, Hypertension, increased BMI, increased Abdominal girth, Dyslipidemia and Diabetes Mellitus are the main risk factors. Considering the increasing incidence of the coronary heart disease in our society it is essential to assess and evaluate these risk factors at national level.

Aberrant methylation of the GCK gene body is associated with the risk of essential hypertension

“…The association between EH and GCK polymorphisms was previously disclosed in several studies (21,22). GCK gene-body hypomethylation was associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (23), which is closely correlated with EH (24,25). The present study performed an association study of GCK gene-body methylation with the risk of EH, in order to assess whether GCK methylation is associated with EH, and to examine the interactions between GCK methylation and age, as well as clinical indicators.…”

Coronary Calcium Scoring and Modifiable Coronary Risk Factors

“…Weighted density score for highest attenuation value was graded as: 2 as in study done by Nadeem M. et al [4] Univariate analysis was done to see the relationship between independent variables and outcome variable. The outcome variable was a low (up to 160) or a high (> 160) Agatston score.…”

Epidemiology of Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes in South Asians and Comparison with Other Ethnicities

“…Diabetes accounts for a considerable proportion of burden of CAD globally as well as in South Asia (Table 1) [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In a retrospective analysis of 279,256 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention from 2004 to 2011 from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society National database, South Asians had a much higher prevalence of diabetes than Caucasians (42% vs 15%, p<0.0001) [19].…”