Risk factors for childhood violence and polyvictimization: A cross-country analysis from three regions

Palermo, Tia; Pereira, Audrey; Neijhoft, Naomi; Bello, Ghaji; Buluma, Robert; Diem, Pierre; Daban, Rocio Aznar; Kaloga, Inah Fatoumata; Islam, Ashraful; Kheam, They; Lund-Henriksen, Birgithe; Maksud, Nankali; Maternowska, M. Catherine; Potts, Alina; Rottanak, Chivith; Samnang, Chea; Shawa, Mary; Yoshikawa, Miho; Peterman, Amber

doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.10.012

Cited by 28 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A recent analysis of VACS data from six countries found that increasing age, nonresidence with a biological father, and school enrollment in some instances were associated with increases in physical, emotional, or sexual violence. Household wealth, however, were inconsistently associated with violence against children (Palermo et al, 2019). A previous four-country study that modeled data from the VACS found that richer households, education attainment, and children in marriage-like relationships had the highest odds of violence (Ravi & Ahluwalia, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Past literature reviews on child violence risk or associated factors have taken the approach of analyzing studies from individual countries or regions (Meinck, Cluver, Boyes, & Mhlongo, 2015; Spencer et al, 2019) or have applied narrow categories of victimization, such as dating violence, for data synthesis (Hébert et al, 2019). Large-scale studies, such as the Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS), have filled in informational gaps on factors related to violence by collecting nationally representative data across multiple countries and using standardized methodologies and questionnaires which has allowed investigators to pool the data and determine key correlates (Maternowska & Fry, 2018; Palermo et al, 2019; Ravi & Ahluwalia, 2017). A global review and meta-analysis of the literature on the salient population-level factors associated with violence against children in low- and middle-income countries has not been conducted.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Associated With Violence Against Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Nationally Representative Data

Cerna-Turoff

Fang

Meierkord

et al. 2021

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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Background: This systematic review and meta-regression sought to identify the relative importance of factors associated with physical, emotional, and sexual violence against children in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding of factors associated with violence is important for targeted programming and prevention on the population level. Methods: We searched 17 electronic databases from 1989 to 2018 and reports from child violence surveys. Nationally representative studies that described evidence on potential factors associated with violence against children under 18 years old were included. The search was restricted to the English language. Factors were synthesized quantitatively using robust variance estimation, with 95% confidence intervals, for each violence type. Results: We identified 8,346 unduplicated studies, and 103 publications met our eligibility criteria. The data distribution was uneven across region, country income status, factors, and violence types. Of the 94 eligible studies quantitatively synthesized, no specific factors were significant for physical violence. Lower household socioeconomic status, being a girl, and primary education of mothers and adults in the household were associated with emotional violence, and being a girl was associated with sexual violence. Conclusion: A broad spectrum of factors merit consideration for physical violence policy and prevention among the general population of children in low- and middle-income countries. Conversely, a tailored approach may be warranted for preventing emotional and sexual violence. Information is unequally distributed across countries, factors, and violence types. Greater emphasis should be placed on collecting representative data on the general population and vulnerable subgroups to achieve national reductions in violence against children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated With Violence Against Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Nationally Representative Data

Cerna-Turoff

Fang

Meierkord

et al. 2021

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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“…Approximately 6% (Cambodia) to 36% (Malawi) of girls, and 6% (Cambodia) to 25% (Haiti) of boys reported ever experiencing sexual violence in their lives. In addition, 11% (Kenya) to 53% (Haiti) of girls and 10% (Nigeria) to 49% (Haiti) of boys reported ever experiencing more than one form of violence [8].…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Survivors of such abuse can experience physical, psychological and behavioural consequences that persist into adulthood [2][3][4][5][6][7]. A recent six-country study using the Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) showed that lifetime prevalence of physical violence among children aged 13 to 17 years ranged from 50 to 84%, while that for sexual violence ranged from 6 to 36% [8]. Further, a systematic review suggests that in developing countries, an excess of 1 billion children under the age of 18 experience emotional, physical or sexual violence annually [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disclosure, reporting and help seeking among child survivors of violence: a cross-country analysis

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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Background: Violence against children is a pervasive public health issue, with limited data available across multiple contexts. This study explores the rarely studied prevalence and dynamics around disclosure, reporting and helpseeking behaviours of children who ever experienced physical and/or sexual violence. Methods: Using nationally-representative Violence Against Children Surveys in six countries: Cambodia, Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania, we present descriptive statistics for prevalence of four outcomes among children aged 13-17 years: informal disclosure, knowledge of where to seek formal help, formal disclosure/help seeking and receipt of formal help. We ran country-specific multivariate logistic regressions predicting outcomes on factors at the individual, household and community levels. Results: The prevalence of help-seeking behaviours ranged from 23 to 54% for informal disclosure, 16 to 28% for knowledge of where to seek formal help, under 1 to 25% for formal disclosure or help seeking, and 1 to 11% for receipt of formal help. Factors consistently correlated with promoting help-seeking behaviours included household number of adult females and absence of biological father, while those correlated with reduced help-seeking behaviours included being male and living in a female-headed household. Primary reasons for not seeking help varied by country, including self-blame, apathy and not needing or wanting services. Conclusions: Across countries examined, help-seeking and receipt of formal services is low for children experiencing physical and/or sexual violence, with few consistent factors identified which facilitated help-seeking. Further understanding of help seeking, alongside improved data quality and availability will aid prevention responses, including the ability to assist child survivors in a timely manner.

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“…Newer techniques have been proposed to accurately diagnose DP that involves mathematical models for assessing the entire calvarium. 7 In addition to the above, our study was limited by sample size. Negative findings require significant power, and with a total of 76 subjects, we posit that a larger study would be necessary to confirm the lack of relationship between our studied variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Abuse and Deformational Plagiocephaly in a West Texas Hospital System

D’Souza

Hanson

Pillutla

et al. 2019

JNRP

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Background The aim of this study was to assess deformational plagiocephaly’s (DP) predictive value in neglect and physical abuse (nonaccidental trauma [NAT]) within the pediatric population. In addition, we sought to characterize the prevalence of DP and NAT for our hospital’s mostly rural catchment area. Methods Data on hospitalized patients diagnosed with NAT and/or neglect between 2012 and 2018 were collected via retrospective chart review. All enrolled children were younger than the age of 4 years at the time of diagnosis, and those without legible head computed tomographies or magnetic resonance images during their initial hospitalization were excluded. Utilizing neuroimaging, we calculated the cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) and cranial index for each patient to assess for DP. Differences between the two groups were assessed using Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. A p-value of 0.05 or less was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 (Cary, North Carolina, United States). Results The prevalence of DP within the combined cohort of NAT and neglect patients is 21%, similar to that reported in the literature for the general population (20–50%). There was no significance between the prevalence of DP and a history of NAT (p > 0.1) or neglect (p > 0.1). Furthermore, there was no correlation between CVAI and characteristics of initial presentation or history of trauma for either NAT (p-values: 0.359 and 0.250, respectively) or neglect groups (p-values: 0.116 and 0.770, respectively). Conclusion While there are many limitations to this study, our results suggest that abused children are no more likely to have history of DP than the general population, and the degree of DP is not associated with severity of trauma history or initial presentation. We hope the results of this study promote future investigations for unique and subtle predictive factors of child abuse/neglect.

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Risk factors for childhood violence and polyvictimization: A cross-country analysis from three regions

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Factors Associated With Violence Against Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Nationally Representative Data

Factors Associated With Violence Against Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Nationally Representative Data

Disclosure, reporting and help seeking among child survivors of violence: a cross-country analysis

Child Abuse and Deformational Plagiocephaly in a West Texas Hospital System

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