Risk factors for Campylobacter colonisation during rearing of broiler flocks in Great Britain

Ellis‐Iversen, Johanne; Jørgensen, Frieda; Bull, S. A.; Powell, L. F.; Cook, A. J. C.; Humphrey, Tom J.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.004

Cited by 58 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…were detected in 83% of carcasses in studies from the late 1990s (33,35) at slaughter ...........................................................................50.3 Sunshine hours during rearing.......................................................47.1 Temp at placement .........................................................................46.7 Sunshine hours during placement .................................................44.6 Sunshine hours at slaughter ...........................................................36.5 Yr of slaughter.................................................................................31.2 Rainfall at slaughter................................................................... The proportion of highly colonized flocks (ϳ30%) was lower than that found in a study from 2001 where 75% of positive batches were Campylobacter positive at Ͼ70% (10). This could reflect late infection, e.g., associated with better biosecurity during rearing (9,26), or slower spread of infection, e.g., related to treatment of drinking water (15). Most other studies have not tested several individual cecal samples within a batch for the presence of Campylobacter (5,7,18,44,53), but such data are useful for scientists designing risk assessment models to determine the most appropriate and effective intervention strategies to reduce Campylobacter prevalence in poultry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Season and Geography on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Subtypes in Housed Broiler Flocks Reared in Great Britain

Jørgensen

Ellis‐Iversen

Rushton

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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103

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Campylobacter spp., especially Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, are the main cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world (http://www.who.int/mediacentre /factsheets/fs255/en/). Chicken meat is frequently contaminated with Campylobacter (19), and it is a commonly held view that reducing the number of flocks infected with this organism would reduce the number of human Campylobacter cases. A better understanding of the epidemiology of Campylobacter in broiler flocks is required in order to design successful control programs at the farm level.In some European countries, flock colonization of chickens with Campylobacter has a clear seasonal pattern, with highest rates seen in the summer or autumn (20). Studies in the United Kingdom in the early 1990s suggested that there was no increase in the proportion of flocks colonized with campylobacters in warmer months (21, 28). However, we recently found that housed flocks were more likely to be Campylobacter positive in summer (46) in a geographical subset of the data in this study, and evidence of seasonality was also found in 401 batches reared in the United Kingdom in 2008 (20). The reasons for the seasonal variation are not fully understood but are likely to involve the frequency and nature of exposure of the flocks to Campylobacter spp. There is further evidence that climatic factors such as temperature correlate with both broiler flock and human infections (36,43,52). Temperature could also affect the environmental sources of Campylobacter spp. to which broiler chickens may become exposed. A better understanding of the roles of season and climatic factors and their relative impacts on broiler flock colonization with Campylobacter will be useful for policy makers and broiler companies who are formulating control programs to reduce flock infection with this important zoonotic pathogen.Typing of isolates from foods and clinical cases has provided evidence that many strains isolated from chickens share attributes with those from human cases (13,25,37). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been used to assess the relative importance of sources, reservoirs, and transmission routes for human Campylobacter infection in the United Kingdom (48,56). The population of Campylobacter isolates from human cases in England has been well analyzed by studies of isolates from Ͼ2,900 cases from three areas spanning the years 2000 to 2006 (14, 56). However, data sets for strains from chicken flocks at slaughter were smaller and may have been less representative. For example, while 307 chicken isolates were cited

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Season and Geography on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Subtypes in Housed Broiler Flocks Reared in Great Britain

Jørgensen

Ellis‐Iversen

Rushton

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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103

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“…Campylobacter can be frequently found in surface water and is part of the natural intestinal microbiota of a wide range of wild and domestic animals, especially poultry (Newell 2002, Whyte et al 2004, Abulreesh et al 2006, Young et al 2007, Ogden et al 2009, Jokinen et al 2011. The estimated Campylobacter prevalence in poultry and nonpoultry farm animals depends on season, age of animal, flock or herd size and type, diet, husbandry practices, and geography, with C. jejuni being the most isolated species (Kuana et al 2008, McDowell et al 2008, Zweifel et al 2008, Ellis-Iversen et al 2009, Messens et al 2009, Nä ther et al 2009, EFSA 2010a, EFSA and ECDC 2011, Jorgensen et al 2011. In pigs C. coli, however, dominates (84% of the isolates in 2009) (EFSA and ECDC 2011).…”

Section: Campylobacter Prevalence In Animals and The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poultry as a Host for the Zoonotic PathogenCampylobacter jejuni

Hermans

Pasmans²,

Messens³

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

221

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Campylobacteriosis is the most reported foodborne gastroenteritic disease and poses a serious health burden in industrialized countries. Disease in humans is mainly caused by the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Due to its wide-spread occurrence in the environment, the epidemiology of Campylobacter remains poorly understood. It is generally accepted, however, that chickens are a natural host for Campylobacter jejuni, and for Campylobacter spp. in general, and that colonized broiler chicks are the primary vector for transmitting this pathogen to humans. Several potential sources and vectors for transmitting C. jejuni to broiler flocks have been identified. Initially, one or a few broilers can become colonized at an age of > 2 weeks until the end of rearing, after which the infection will rapidly spread throughout the entire flock. Such a flock is generally colonized until slaughter and infected birds carry a very high C. jejuni load in their gastrointestinal tract, especially the ceca. This eventually results in contaminated carcasses during processing, which can transmit this pathogen to humans. Recent genetic typing studies showed that chicken isolates can frequently be linked to human clinical cases of Campylobacter enteritis. However, despite the increasing evidence that the chicken reservoir is the number one risk factor for disease in humans, no effective strategy exists to reduce Campylobachter prevalence in poultry flocks, which can in part be explained by the incomplete understanding of the epidemiology of C. jejuni in broiler flocks. As a result, the number of human campylobacteriosis cases associated with the chicken vector remains strikingly high.

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“…proposed to reduce the risk of flock colonization and spread including chlorinated drinking water [17], 50 bacteriophage therapy [18] and bacteriocins [19] or the use of probiotics [20] and vaccination [21].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of enhanced biosecurity and selected on-farm factors onCampylobactercolonization of chicken broilers

2016

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Risk factors for Campylobacter colonisation during rearing of broiler flocks in Great Britain

Cited by 58 publications

References 15 publications

Influence of Season and Geography on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Subtypes in Housed Broiler Flocks Reared in Great Britain

Influence of Season and Geography on Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Subtypes in Housed Broiler Flocks Reared in Great Britain

Poultry as a Host for the Zoonotic PathogenCampylobacter jejuni

Effect of enhanced biosecurity and selected on-farm factors onCampylobactercolonization of chicken broilers

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