Risk factors associated with throwing injuries in young baseball players

Nagasawa, Michiyasu; Tajima, Tsuyoshi; Kawagoe, Shuichi; Yamaguchi, Nami; Morita, Yudai; Yokoe, Takuji; Ota, Tomomi; Izumi, Toshihiko; Ishida, Yasuyuki; Chosa, Etsuo

doi:10.1016/j.jse.2023.01.034

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, the multiple logistic regression analysis showed that decreased shoulder IR ROM was not associated with the occurrence of medial elbow injuries in young baseball players. In another prospective study, Nagasawa et al 26 reported that decreased shoulder IR ROM on the throwing side is an independent risk factor for baseball-related throwing injuries in young baseball players. However, they investigated a broad range of throwing injuries, including elbow and shoulder injuries, and the relationship between decreased shoulder IR ROM and the occurrence of only medial elbow injuries is therefore unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Elasticity of the Forearm Flexor-Pronator Muscles as a Risk Factor for Medial Elbow Injuries in Young Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 314 Players

Saito,

Okada,

Shibata

et al. 2023

Am J Sports Med

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Background: Young baseball players with medial elbow injuries are known to have high forearm flexor-pronator muscle elasticity; however, the causal relationship between forearm muscle elasticity and the occurrence of medial elbow injuries remains unclear. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the forearm flexor-pronator muscle elasticity is a risk factor for medial elbow injury in young baseball players. It was hypothesized that high flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) elasticity would be a risk factor for medial elbow injuries. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Young baseball players (aged 9-12 years) with no history of elbow injuries underwent examination during which the strain ratios (SRs) of the pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis, and FCU muscles were measured using ultrasound strain elastography as an index of elasticity. Additionally, the participants completed a questionnaire assessing age, height, weight, months of experience as a baseball player, position in baseball, number of training days per week, number of throws per day, and elbow pain during throwing; then the range of motion of the shoulder and hip internal/external rotation were measured. One year after the baseline measurements, the occurrence of new medial elbow injuries was evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was subsequently conducted to determine risk factors for medial elbow injuries. Cutoff points for significant SR values obtained from the multivariate logistic regression analysis were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: Of the 314 players, 76 (24.2%) were diagnosed with medial elbow injury. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a 0.1 increase in the SR of the FCU muscle (odds ratio [OR], 1.211; 95% CI, 1.116-1.314) and number of throws per day (OR, 1.012; 95% CI, 1.001-1.022) were significantly associated with medial elbow injuries. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed that the optimal cutoff for the SR of the FCU muscle was 0.920 (area under the curve, 0.694; sensitivity, 75.0%; specificity, 56.7%). Conclusion: Increased FCU elasticity is a risk factor for medial elbow injury. Evaluation of the FCU elasticity may be useful in identifying young baseball players at high risk of medial elbow injuries and may facilitate prevention of medial elbow injury. As shown by the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis, FCU elasticity itself may be useful in identifying young baseball players at high risk of elbow injuries. However, we believe that other factors, such as the number of pitches per day, need to be considered to improve its accuracy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Elasticity of the Forearm Flexor-Pronator Muscles as a Risk Factor for Medial Elbow Injuries in Young Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 314 Players

Saito,

Okada,

Shibata

et al. 2023

Am J Sports Med

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“…Inaccurate measurements may lead to incorrect assessments of severity and prognosis prediction, which may hinder appropriate treatment selection. Knee joint ROM is typically limited by orthopedic diseases 21 ) , while limitations of the elbow joint ROM, which is an outcome of surgical procedures, have been reported to be a risk factor for baseball elbow 22 , 23 ) ; therefore, accurate measurement of the ROM of these two joints is essential. However, the effects of the post-learning period on ROM measurement accuracy have not been examined except for the knee joint, and are unknown for the elbow joint.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the post-learning period on the accuracy and self-efficacy of measuring the joint range of motion

Yamamoto,

Yoshizato,

Imai

et al. 2023

J Phys Ther Sci

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[Purpose] To verify the effects of the differences in the post-learning period on the accuracy and self-efficacy of measuring the range of passive flexion of the knee and elbow of students. [Participants and Methods] Thirty-six physical therapy students were classified into three groups (short-term, medium-term, and long-term) based on the interval since learning to measure the range of motion. Participants were asked to self-evaluate their efficacy in appropriately measuring the range of motion for knee and elbow flexion using a 10-point Likert scale. Subsequently, the flexion range of the left knee and elbow was measured using a universal goniometer and compared to the measurements obtained using an electronic accelerometer. [Results] Absolute errors in measuring knee flexion were significantly smaller in the medium- and long-term groups than in the short-term group. No other significant main effects or correlations were observed. [Conclusion] Although the accuracy of measuring the range of motion by students improved while they were in school, it did not improve sufficiently based on the joint being assessed. Furthermore, the post-learning period did not affect a student’s self-efficacy for measuring the range of motion and did not reflect its accuracy.

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Arm Health in Elite Collegiate Summer League Baseball Players Assessed by the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Score

Painter,

Quinn,

Dove

et al. 2024

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Collegiate baseball players with professional aspirations often participate in summer leagues, foremost among them is the Cape Cod Baseball League (CCBL). Injuries acquired during the college baseball season can be carried into the CCBL season and vice versa. Objective: To assess throwing arm injury history and current functionality in mid-season CCBL players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Online questionnaire. Patients of Other Participants: 123 CCBL players participated. Qualifying athletes were ≥18 years old and a rostered CCBL player with remaining collegiate eligibility. Main Outcome Measures: After collecting background information, the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (KJOC) Shoulder and Elbow questionnaire was employed to assess throwing arm injury history and current functionality. The maximum KJOC score is 100.0; higher scores correspond to greater functionality. Results: The mean KJOC score was 86.6 ± 14.5 (n = 92). 24.5% (23/94) of players reported a prior diagnosis of throwing arm injury other than a strain/sprain. Forty-nine (49/96, 51.0%) players had undergone rehabilitation for a throwing arm injury, and seven (7/96, 7.3%) had experienced a medical procedure. Players with no prior treatment (n = 41, 88.9 ± 19.0) more frequently demonstrated KJOC scores ≥ 90 than players with previous treatment (n = 55, 80.9 ± 17.1; P < .001). The 18 players with time-loss arm injury in the last year (71.3 ± 20.0) had lower mean KJOC scores than players with no injury or time loss (90.3 ± 9.8; P < .001). Similarly, players who reported current arm trouble (n = 15) had lower KJOC scores (71.6 ± 17.5) than players with healthy arms (89.5 ± 11.9; P < .001). Conclusions: CCBL players report an average KJOC score below 90, with particularly low scores in cases of prior arm injury and treatment.

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Risk factors associated with throwing injuries in young baseball players

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Elasticity of the Forearm Flexor-Pronator Muscles as a Risk Factor for Medial Elbow Injuries in Young Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 314 Players

Elasticity of the Forearm Flexor-Pronator Muscles as a Risk Factor for Medial Elbow Injuries in Young Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 314 Players

Effect of the post-learning period on the accuracy and self-efficacy of measuring the joint range of motion

Arm Health in Elite Collegiate Summer League Baseball Players Assessed by the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Score

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