Risk factors associated with the within-farm transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus and the incidence of persistently infected cattle on dairy farms from Ibaraki prefecture of Japan

Akagami, Masataka; Seki, Satoko; Kashima, Yuki; Yamashita, Kaoru; Oya, Shoko; Fujii, Yuki; Takayasu, Mariko; Yaguchi, Yuji; Suzuki, Atsushi; Ono, Yuichi; Ouchi, Yoshinao; Hayama, Yoko

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.001

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Furthermore, the most common way of BVDV transmission was reported as the movement of PI cattle between herds [ 27 ], which was attributed to at least some cases in Switzerland [ 28 ]. In a prefecture in Honshu, Japan, the PI cattle occurrence was also proportionally reported to correlate with the rate of cattle purchased [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This implies that BVDV can be introduced from common pastures and maintained within a farm. It is also considered that some cattle were transiently infected with BVDV in a common pasture, and they then gave birth to PI cattle via transplacental infection, thus leading to the generation of PI cattle and further spread of BVDV after the return to their original farms [ 29 , 33 ]. All of the PI cattle, except one in this study, were neither moved into nor moved out of the common pasture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches

et al. 2021

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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) caused by BVD virus (BVDV) leads to economic loss worldwide. Cattle that are persistently infected (PI) with BVDV are known to play an important role in viral transmission in association with the animal movement, as they shed the virus during their lifetime. In this research, the “hot spot” for BVD transmission was estimated by combining phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses for PI cattle and cattle that lived together on BVDV affected farms in Tokachi district, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. Viral isolates were genetically categorized into BVDV-1a, 1b, and 2a, based on the nucleotide sequence of the entire E2 region. In BVDV genotype 1, subgenotype b (BVDV-1b), cluster I was identified as the majority in Tokachi district. Network analysis indicated that 12 of the 15 affected farms had cattle movements from other facilities (PI-network) and farms affected with BVDV-1b cluster I consisted of a large network. It was implied that the number of cattle movements themselves would be a risk of BVD transmission, using the PageRank algorithm. Therefore, these results demonstrate that cattle movements would contribute to disease spread and the combination of virological and epidemiological analysis methods would be beneficial in determining possible virus transmission routes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches

et al. 2021

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“…In the context of BVD, Trojan cows are a major cause, in addition to PI animals, for BVDV spread into hitherto unaffected holdings [11][12][13][14]29] and represent a particular challenge when controlling BVDV. In such cases, the problem only becomes visible after the birth of the PI calf, which might be several months after the purchase of the pregnant dam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fetal infection may, depending on the phase of gestation, result in abortion, stillbirth, congenital abnormalities, or, when the infection occurs during the first trimester, the birth of immunotolerant, persistently infected, viremic calves [8][9][10]. Persistently infected (PI) calves shed enormous amounts of BVDV throughout their lives, making them a major source for the spread and perpetuation of BVDV within individual cattle herds and transmission to BVDV-free holdings [11][12][13][14]. Therefore, PI calves are the main target of BVD control programs that have been implemented in several countries [13,[15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-Introduction of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Disease-Free Region: Impact on the Affected Cattle Herd and Diagnostic Implications

et al. 2021

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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the most important infectious cattle diseases worldwide. The major source of virus transmission is immunotolerant, persistently infected (PI) calves, which makes them the key target of control programs. In the German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, a very low prevalence was achieved, with more than 99.8% of the cattle herds being free from PI animals since the year 2013. In 2017, BVD virus was detected in a previously disease-free holding (herd size of ~380 cows, their offspring, and fattening bulls). The purchase of two so-called Trojan cows, i.e., dams pregnant with a PI calf, was identified as the source of infection. The births of the PI animals resulted in transient infections of in-contact dams, accompanied by vertical virus transmission to their fetuses within the critical timeframe for the induction of PI calves. Forty-eight days after the birth of the first PI calf, all animals in close contact with the Trojan cows during their parturition period were blood-sampled and serologically examined by a neutralization test and several commercial ELISAs. The resulting seroprevalence strongly depended on the applied test system. The outbreak could be stopped by the immediate elimination of every newborn PI calf and vaccination, and since 2018, no BVD cases have occurred.

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“…The reported number of EBL cases has increased more than those of the JD and The number of BVD cases has also slightly increased in recent years (Figure 2). More than 300 PI cattle per year have been identified since 2015 due to aggressive surveillance, such as the bulk tank milk test, examinations of newborn calves, and regional surveillance (3,4). Aggressive surveillance may identify BVD and EBL cases without clinical signs.…”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Japan: 2000–2019

Tajima

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Risk factors associated with the within-farm transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus and the incidence of persistently infected cattle on dairy farms from Ibaraki prefecture of Japan

Cited by 20 publications

References 37 publications

Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches

Transmission Dynamics of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Hokkaido, Japan by Phylogenetic and Epidemiological Network Approaches

Re-Introduction of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Disease-Free Region: Impact on the Affected Cattle Herd and Diagnostic Implications

Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Japan: 2000–2019

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