Risk factors associated with rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and eczema among schoolchildren in Uganda

Mpairwe, Harriet; Nkurunungi, Gyaviira; Tumwesige, Pius; Akurut, Hellen; Namutebi, Milly; Nambuya, Irene; Nnaluwooza, Marble; Apule, Barbara; Onen, Caroline; Katongole, Tonny; Niwagaba, Emmanuel; Mukasa, Mike; Webb, Emily L.; Elliott, Alison M.; Pearce, Neil

doi:10.1111/cea.13769

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In the present study, dampness or mildew at home was an independent risk factor, with aORs of 1.50 and 1.63 for ever asthma and current asthma, respectively, in line with previous studies in recent years ( 31 , 32 ). A recent case–control study in Uganda has demonstrated that schoolchildren who lived in areas with frequent truck traffic were 2.59-fold more likely to have asthma symptoms ( 33 ). It is generally accepted that tobacco smoke and particle pollution facilitate allergic sensitization to common allergens and increase the tendency of allergy ( 34 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asthma in Preschool Children in Shanghai, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ren

Xu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Pediatr.

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BackgroundPrevious studies have shown the increasing prevalence of childhood asthma around the world as well as in China. Nevertheless, little is known about the epidemiology of asthma in preschool children. Thus, the present study investigated the prevalence and severity of asthma in Shanghai, China, and identified related risk factors for asthma in children at the age of 3–6.MethodsInformation was obtained through the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Risk factor analysis was carried out using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The odds ratio (OR)/adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined.ResultsA total of 6,183 children (3,165 boys and 3,018 girls) covering 12 communities were included in our study, with an average age of 4.2 ± 0.7 years. The prevalence of ever asthma, current asthma, and physician-diagnosed asthma was 16.0, 11.2, and 5.3%, respectively. Parental allergic history, including rhinitis and asthma, was significantly associated with asthma symptoms. The strongest association with current asthma was paternal asthma (aOR = 5.91, 95% CI 3.87–9.01), and maternal asthma had the second strongest association with current asthma (3.85; 2.40–6.17). Among personal factors, allergic rhinitis history, eczema history, food allergy history, and antibiotic use in the first year of life were significantly associated with current asthma (aOR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.52–2.34; aOR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.09–1.64; aOR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.37–2.06; aOR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.25–1.87, respectively). More than once paracetamol use per year and per month were associated with current asthma in a dose–response manner. Additionally, female sex was an independent protective factor for ever asthma (0.82; 0.70–0.96). Among environmental factors, dampness or mildew at home was an independent risk factor for ever asthma (1.50; 1.15–1.97) and current asthma (1.63; 1.21–2.19). Floor heating system was significantly associated with ever asthma (1.57; 1.25–1.98) and current asthma (1.36; 1.04–1.78). Furthermore, dampness or mildew, infrequent house cleaning, and truck traffic in residential streets were significantly associated with asthma symptoms only in old communities, while paracetamol use in the first year of life and flooring materials were significant factors only in new communities.ConclusionThe prevalence of asthma has increased among preschool children in Shanghai over the past three decades. The identified risk factors indicated the combined effects of genetic, personal, and environmental factors on asthma symptoms. Differentiated strategies should be taken for preventing asthma in old and new communities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asthma in Preschool Children in Shanghai, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Ren

Xu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Pediatr.

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“…A community‐based study in Ghana reported a 39.9% prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis in school‐going children 55 . The prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis is also relatively high in other regions of Africa (e.g., 32% in Nigeria, 56 39.5% in Uganda, 57 37.2% in Mali 58 and 11.10% in Ethiopia 59 ) compared with lower prevalence rates in Europe (e.g., Italy 2.4%–27.8%, Finland 0.7%–8.4%, Sweden 1.2%–8.7%, The Netherlands 0.6%–4.6%, France 0.7%–3.3% and Norway 0.3%–1.9%) 60 . Although, there is no solid consensus in the literature, some investigations have reported a significant association between atopy and keratoconus 9,61 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keratoconus in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Akowuah

Kobia‐Acquah

Donkor

et al. 2021

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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The aim of this review is to evaluate the prevalence of and factors associated with keratoconus in Africa. Method: A systematic online literature search was conducted for articles on keratoconus in Africa. Meta-analysis was performed to estimate the prevalence of keratoconus in Africa. The Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation was used to minimize the effects of studies with extremely high or low prevalence estimates on the overall pooled estimates. Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was used to assess the robustness of the pooled effects and potential outliers. Meta-regression was performed to explore associations between keratoconus, gender and age. Results: Twelve studies were included in the review; 5 from Egypt, 2 from South Africa, 2 from Kenya, 1 from Sudan, 1 from Ghana and 1 from Nigeria. Two studies were conducted in allergic conjunctivitis patients, 4 in keratoconus patients, 1 in contact lens service seekers, 1 in pre-LASIK patients, 1 in refractive patients and 1 in a student population. Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence estimate of keratoconus in Africa was 7.9% (95% CI: 2.5%-16.0%). The prevalence of keratoconus among males and females in Africa was estimated to be 9.3% (95% CI: 2.5%-19.5%) and 5.8% (95% CI: 1.5%-12.7%) respectively. The estimated prevalence of unilateral and bilateral keratoconus was 2.6% (95% CI: 0.4%-6.5%) and 5.8% (95% CI: 1.6%-12.3%), respectively. The estimated prevalence of mild keratoconus was 2.2% (95% CI: 0.7%-4.7%), moderate keratoconus was 3.5% (95% CI: 0.0%-11.8%) and severe keratoconus was 4.0% (95% CI: 0.0%-19.6%). There was no significant association between gender and the prevalence of keratoconus in Africa (p = 0.63), and age and the prevalence of keratoconus in Africa (p = 0.78). Conclusion:The estimated prevalence of keratoconus reported here is higher than prevalence values reported in other meta-analyses or different geographical locations. This is mainly because studies included in this meta-analysis were either conducted on a cohort at high risk of keratoconus or a population with high possibility of finding keratoconus patients. There is a dearth of well-designed population-based studies on keratoconus in Africa, resulting in a lack of epidemiological information. This highlights the urgent need for research on keratoconus in Africa.

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“…These chronic recurrent conditions cause significant physical and psychological distress, sleep disturbance and reduced quality of life among patients of all ages [10]. Often, patients with ocular allergies have coexisting atopic manifestations such as rhinitis, asthma, urticaria, or eczema [11,12]. In multicenter studies such as the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) [12,13] and the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [14], the association of allergic conjunctivitis was demonstrated above all with respiratory diseases such as rhinitis, followed by asthma and finally eczema [10,15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Descriptive Epidemiology in Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis in the Last 5 Years in Northern Mexico

SN¹,

Mohamed²,

Mohamed³

et al. 2021

austinjallergy

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Purpose: To determine the frequency of allergic conjunctivitis in the period from 2015 to 2020 at the Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology of the University Hospital “Dr. José Eleuterio González” in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Methods: Observational, retrospective and descriptive study. The database of all patients with diagnosis of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis seen in the outpatient clinics from January 2015 to May 2020 was reviewed. Results: The incidence from 2015 to 2020 of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology was 1.5% in 2015, 2.7% in 2016, 2.8% in 2017, 3.2% in 2018, 4.2% in 2019 and 2.3% in 2020. The age group with the highest frequency for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was found in those over 18 years of age; no significant difference was found between men and women. The year 2019 had the highest number of cases. The most common positive allergens in the skin tests of these patients were Dermatophagoides, Cynodon dactylon and Fraxinus americana, for the last two their pollination season were parallel to the peaks where the highest number of consultations were registered in March, April and August. Conclusions: Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is a disease that has been increasing in recent years and despite the economic and labor burden it represents, there are currently few studies that address the epidemiological characteristics of these patients.

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Risk factors associated with rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and eczema among schoolchildren in Uganda

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 10 publications

References 42 publications

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asthma in Preschool Children in Shanghai, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asthma in Preschool Children in Shanghai, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Keratoconus in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Descriptive Epidemiology in Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis in the Last 5 Years in Northern Mexico

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