Risk factors associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis herd status in Québec dairy herds

Short communication: Risk factors associated with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis introduction into dairy herds in Galicia, northwestern Spain

“…rity, with the purchase of cattle playing a central role, as other recent studies have done in other populations using other diagnostic approaches (Puerto-Parada et al, 2018;Correa-Valencia et al, 2019). Only 33.7% (n = 28) of the studied farms purchased cattle.…”

“…All factors with moderate statistical significance (P < 0.25) in these analyses were incorporated into a multiple logistic model (Wald test forward stepwise, P-Wald value of 0.05 to enter). Herd size was also included as a potential confounder (Puerto-Parada et al, 2018); if this variable changed the effect of the remaining coefficients by 10% or more, it was considered a confounder and stayed in the model, regardless of its level of significance (Doménech, 2004). The variables used in the regression analysis were chosen upon a correlation analysis [using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ)] to avoid multicollinearity.…”

“…The MAP bacterium is usually introduced into herds through the purchase of infected but clinically normal cattle. Other routes, such as the introduction of contaminated feces by vehicles, equipment, visitors, contaminated pasture or water sources, or other ruminants, are less common but may be involved (McAloon et al, 2017;Puerto-Parada et al, 2018;Correa-Valencia et al, 2019). Biosecurity is therefore of paramount importance to prevent the introduction of MAP to herds.…”

Limitations in the implementation of control measures for bovine paratuberculosis in infected Swiss dairy and beef herds

“…Animal purchase is common in Switzerland, and young stock from different farms are often raised together in specialized heifer-rearing farms or come together during summer season on alpine pastures. As in other countries, animal purchase has been shown to be the most important risk factor associated with an infected herd status in Switzerland [5][6][7][8].…”

A review of paratuberculosis in dairy herds — Part 1: Epidemiology

“…A recent systematic review reported a positive association between animal introductions and herd positivity in 6/14 studies identified (Rangel et al, 2015). In studies published subsequent to this, 3/6 have demonstrated a positive association between animal introductions (Künzler et al, 2014;Wolf et al, 2016;Puerto-Parada et al, 2018) and three have not found an effect (Vilar et al, 2015;Donat et al, 2016;McAloon et al, 2017a).…”