Risk factors associated with clinic visits during the 1999 forest fires near the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation, California, USA

Lee, Tze-San; Falter, Kenneth H.; Meyer, Pamela S.; Mott, Joshua A.; Gwynn, Charon

doi:10.1080/09603120802712750

Cited by 39 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Our study, similar to many wildfire epidemiological studies, did not find evidence of significant effects of PM 2.5 from wildfires on hospitalizations or ED visits for cardiovascular disease (Hanigan et al, 2008;Henderson et al, 2011;Martin et al, 2013;Morgan et al, 2010). A few recent papers, however, have found significant effects for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (Dennekamp et al, 2015;Haikerwal et al, 2015), hospitalizations for hypertension (Arbex et al, 2010), cardiovascular clinic visits (Lee et al, 2009), ED visits for congestive heart failure (Rappold et al, 2011), and hospitalizations for IHD (Johnston et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Differential respiratory health effects from the 2008 northern California wildfires: A spatiotemporal approach

Reid

Jerrett

Tager

et al. 2016

Environmental Research

162

170

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We investigated health effects associated with fine particulate matter during a long-lived, large wildfire complex in northern California in the summer of 2008. We estimated exposure to PM2.5 for each day using an exposure prediction model created through data-adaptive machine learning methods from a large set of spatiotemporal data sets. We then used Poisson generalized estimating equations to calculate the effect of exposure to 24-hour average PM2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations and ED visits. We further assessed effect modification by sex, age, and area-level socioeconomic status (SES). We observed a linear increase in risk for asthma hospitalizations (RR=1.07, 95% CI=(1.05, 1.10) per 5µg/m(3) increase) and asthma ED visits (RR=1.06, 95% CI=(1.05, 1.07) per 5µg/m(3) increase) with increasing PM2.5 during the wildfires. ED visits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were associated with PM2.5 during the fires (RR=1.02 (95% CI=(1.01, 1.04) per 5µg/m(3) increase) and this effect was significantly different from that found before the fires but not after. We did not find consistent effects of wildfire smoke on other health outcomes. The effect of PM2.5 during the wildfire period was more pronounced in women compared to men and in adults, ages 20-64, compared to children and adults 65 or older. We also found some effect modification by area-level median income for respiratory ED visits during the wildfires, with the highest effects observed in the ZIP codes with the lowest median income. Using a novel spatiotemporal exposure model, we found some evidence of differential susceptibility to exposure to wildfire smoke.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Differential respiratory health effects from the 2008 northern California wildfires: A spatiotemporal approach

Reid

Jerrett

Tager

et al. 2016

Environmental Research

162

170

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“…Study findings varied geographically, with no report of a statistically significant cardiovascular impact of wildfire smoke in any study from Australia and Canada (seven out of 14) (Crabbe 2012; Hanigan et al , 2008; Henderson et al , 2011; Johnston et al , 2007; Martin et al , 2013; Moore et al , 2006; Morgan et al , 2010). Contrastingly, five out of six U.S. studies reported that exposure to wildfire smoke was associated with hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases, such as cardiac arrests, or symptoms such as chest pain (Delfino et al , 2009; Lee et al , 2009; Rappold et al , 2012; Rappold et al , 2011). All studies assessed cardiovascular disease by hospital admissions or emergency room visits.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Associations for longer lags (greater than five days) between exposure and hospitalization were not directly investigated in any study. From cross-sectional studies there were increases in primary care contacts for a 12-week period of exposure to wildfire smoke in California (Lee et al , 2009) and a five-week exposure period in Canada (Moore et al , 2006) compared to the same period in previous years when there were no fires. However, it remains unclear as to whether admissions increased due to high acute exposures over short periods (days) and/or lower levels accumulated over a longer period (months).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors reported change in risk per unit (such as per 100 µg/m 3 ) increase in daily measurement of certain wildfire-promoted pollutants, such as ozone, PM 10 or PM 2.5 (Azevedo et al , 2011; Lee et al , 2009; Rappold et al , 2012). Others reported changes in risks comparing regions or time periods of wildfires with non-wildfire regions or times (Delfino et al , 2009; Rappold et al , 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of the physical health impacts from non-occupational exposure to wildfire smoke

Liu

Pereira

Uhl

et al. 2015

Environmental Research

473

449

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Background Climate change is likely to increase threat of wildfires, and little is known about how wildfires affect health in exposed communities. A better understanding of the impacts of the resulting air pollution has important public health implications for the present day and the future. Method We performed a systematic search to identify peer-reviewed scientific studies published since 1986 regarding impacts of wildfire smoke on health in exposed communities. We reviewed and synthesized the state of science of this issue including methods to estimate exposure, and identified limitations in current research. Results We identified 61 epidemiological studies linking wildfire and human health in communities. The U.S. and Australia were the most frequently studied countries (18 studies on the U.S., 15 on Australia). Geographic scales ranged from a single small city (population about 55,000) to the entire globe. Most studies focused on areas close to fire events. Exposure was most commonly assessed with stationary air pollutant monitors (35 of 61 studies). Other methods included using satellite remote sensing and measurements from air samples collected during fires. Most studies compared risk of health outcomes between 1) periods with no fire events and periods during or after fire events, or 2) regions affected by wildfire smoke and unaffected regions. Daily pollution levels during or after wildfire in most studies exceeded U.S. EPA regulations. Levels of PM10, the most frequently studied pollutant, were 1.2 to 10 times higher due to wildfire smoke compared to non-fire periods and/or locations. Respiratory disease was the most frequently studied health condition, and had the most consistent results. Over 90% of these 45 studies reported that wildfire smoke was significantly associated with risk of respiratory morbidity. Conclusion Exposure measurement is a key challenge in current literature on wildfire and human health. A limitation is the difficulty of estimating pollution specific to wildfires. New methods are needed to separate air pollution levels of wildfires from those from ambient sources, such as transportation. The majority of studies found that wildfire smoke was associated with increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Children, the elderly and those with underlying chronic diseases appear to be susceptible. More studies on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity are needed. Further exploration with new methods could help ascertain the public health impacts of wildfires under climate change and guide mitigation policies.

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“…No association was found with wildfire smoke and ischemic heart disease hospitalizations in California, while another study found an increase in clinic‐based ischemic heart disease visits among Native Americans of the Hoopa tribe of northern California 43, 44. An Australian study mentioned earlier found increased rates of hospital admissions and ED visits for ischemic heart disease among women and adults aged >65 years at lag day 2 15…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Emergency Department Visits Associated With Wildfire Smoke Exposure in California in 2015

Wettstein

Hoshiko

Fahimi

et al. 2018

JAHA

179

146

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BackgroundWildfire smoke is known to exacerbate respiratory conditions; however, evidence for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events has been inconsistent, despite biological plausibility.Methods and ResultsA population‐based epidemiologic analysis was conducted for daily cardiovascular and cerebrovascular emergency department (ED) visits and wildfire smoke exposure in 2015 among adults in 8 California air basins. A quasi‐Poisson regression model was used for zip code‐level counts of ED visits, adjusting for heat index, day of week, seasonality, and population. Satellite‐imaged smoke plumes were classified as light, medium, or dense based on model‐estimated concentrations of fine particulate matter. Relative risk was determined for smoky days for lag days 0 to 4. Rates of ED visits by age‐ and sex‐stratified groups were also examined. Rates of all‐cause cardiovascular ED visits were elevated across all lags, with the greatest increase on dense smoke days and among those aged ≥65 years at lag 0 (relative risk 1.15, 95% confidence interval [1.09, 1.22]). All‐cause cerebrovascular visits were associated with smoke, especially among those 65 years and older, (1.22 [1.00, 1.49], dense smoke, lag 1). Respiratory conditions were also increased, as anticipated (1.18 [1.08, 1.28], adults >65 years, dense smoke, lag 1). No association was found for the control condition, acute appendicitis. Elevated risks for individual diagnoses included myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, dysrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack.ConclusionsAnalysis of an extensive wildfire season found smoke exposure to be associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ED visits for all adults, particularly for those over aged 65 years.

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Risk factors associated with clinic visits during the 1999 forest fires near the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation, California, USA

Cited by 39 publications

References 8 publications

Differential respiratory health effects from the 2008 northern California wildfires: A spatiotemporal approach

Differential respiratory health effects from the 2008 northern California wildfires: A spatiotemporal approach

A systematic review of the physical health impacts from non-occupational exposure to wildfire smoke

Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Emergency Department Visits Associated With Wildfire Smoke Exposure in California in 2015

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