Risk Factors Associated with Black Tooth Stain

Abstract

SUMMARY -Th e aim of the study was to show whether there is any infl uence of food, drink or drug intake on the formation of tooth discoloration. A total of 500 patients aged 15-25 years were examined to take part in the study. Of these, 60 patients were selected and divided into two groups of 30 patients each. Group 1 included patients with black pigmentation on vestibular/oral tooth surfaces. Group 2 included patients without discoloration (control). Data were recorded in a questionnaire. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine elements in discoloration samples. Th e Caries Risk Test (CRT) buff er was used to assess buff er capacity of saliva, while CRT bacteria were used to determine the presence of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. Statistically signifi cant betweengroup diff erences were found for the intake of collard greens and beets (p<0.05), but not for other vegetables. As for drink consumption, patients with pigmentation reported less wine intake (p<0.05) than those without pigmentation. Th ere was no diff erence according to drug intake between patients with and without pigmentation. Patients with pigmentation were older, smoked and had lower saliva pH with lower presence of Streptococcus mutans than those without pigmentation (p<0.05). In tooth discoloration samples, there were traces of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc. Th e appearance of tooth discoloration is infl uenced by many factors, among which diet and saliva seem to be very important. Our study showed that patients with black pigmentation used to take more beets, while patients without pigmentation were taking more collard greens and red wine.

Risk factors for the presence of dental black plaque

“…When dietary and social habits were investigated, we found no association between habits such as smoking, intake of caffeinated drinks or iron supplements. A recent report by Prskalo and coworkers highlights the consumption of beets as risk factor for BS 27 whilst intake of collard greens and wine were more frequent in participants without BS. Prskalo’s results also showed no association between intake of iron supplements and BS 27 .…”

“…A recent report by Prskalo and coworkers highlights the consumption of beets as risk factor for BS 27 whilst intake of collard greens and wine were more frequent in participants without BS. Prskalo’s results also showed no association between intake of iron supplements and BS 27 . Our control group showed higher frequency of snacking between meals when compared to the BS group.…”

Effects of black tea tooth staining previously to 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching

“…One of the reasons for that approach is the necessity of the standardization of tooth color among groups before the bleaching treatments 10,11 . Previous studies reported tooth staining with soft drinks 12 , tobacco smoke, coffee 13 , red wine 14 , and black tea 11 . There is evidence that black tea exhibits a higher staining effect than cola-based soft drinks and coffee 15 .…”

Spectroscopic and microscopic examination of teeth exposed to green tea at different temperatures

“…Tea protects teeth against erosive demineralization [3][4][5][6][7]9] because the chemical structure of hydroxyapatite (HA), which comprises enamel, is tolerant to substitution by different trace elements [51,52]. Reports using liquid solutions [53,54] have shown that Zn, Ca, Mg, Fe, K, and Cu, which are found in tea, are involved in tooth staining. Likewise, bivalent metals such as Sr +2 are incorporated into the HA structure when Ca is lost [46,51,[55][56][57].…”