Risk Factors Associated with a High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Egyptian Blood Donors

Darwish, Mahmoud; Raouf, Tahani Ahmad Abd El; Rushdy, Perween; Constantine, Niel T.; Rao, Malla R.; Edelman, Rober

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.440

Cited by 155 publications

(109 citation statements)

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“…The initial search generated >1,500 potential articles which was refined to 200 relevant articles from MEDLINE (n 5 107), WHO regional indexed databases (57), ISI Web of Science (34) and ScienceDirect (2). A hand search of the reference lists of selected articles identified a few additional relevant studies.…”

Section: Literature Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of hepatitis viruses among hepatocellular carcinoma cases and healthy people in Egypt: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Lehman

Wilson

2008

Intl Journal of Cancer

127

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Liver cancers are strongly linked to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV worldwide and has rising rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Egypt's unique nature of liver disease presents questions regarding the distribution of HBV and HCV in the etiology of HCC. Accordingly, a systematic search of MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, ScienceDirect and World Health Organisation databases was undertaken for relevant articles regarding HBV and HCV prevalence in Egypt among healthy populations and HCC cases. We calculated weighted mean prevalences for HBV and HCV among the populations of interest and examined differences in prevalence by descriptive features, including age, year and geographic region. Prevalences for HBV and HCV were 6.7% and 13.9% among healthy populations, and 25.9% and 78.5% among HCC cases. Adults had higher prevalences of both infections (Adult HBV 5 8.0%, Child HBV 5 1.6%; Adult HCV 5 15.7%, Child HCV 5 4.0%). Geographically, HBV was higher in the south, whereas HCV was greater in the north (North HBV 5 4.6%, South HBV 5 11.7%; North HCV 5 15.8%, South HCV 5 6.7%). Among HCC cases, HBV significantly decreased over time (p 5 0.001) while HCV did not, suggesting a shift in the relative influences of these viruses in HCC etiology in Egypt. Our results highlight large amounts of heterogeneity among the epidemiological factors associated with liver disease in Egypt and underscore the necessity of an integrated strategy for the successful prevention of viral hepatitis infections and chronic liver disease. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: pooled analysis; liver cancer; infectious diseases; developing countries Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comprises nearly 6% of all incident cancer cases worldwide, with the overwhelming majority occurring in the developing world.1 One of the least curable malignancies, HCC is the third most frequent cause of cancer mortality among men worldwide.1 Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been cited as, by far, the most important etiologic agents.2 According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 350 million people are chronically infected with HBV and 170 million are infected with HCV.3,4 The relative importance of HBV and HCV as causative agents can vary greatly from region to region and over time.1,5 Selecting appropriate HCC prevention and control methods, therefore, depends on understanding the dynamics of these agents in a specified geographic region.Incidence of HCC in Egypt is currently increasing, which may be the result of a shift in the relative importance of HBV and HCV as primary risk factors.6-8 HCC is the second most frequent cause of cancer incidence and mortality among men in Egypt.9 Hospitalbased studies from Egypt have reported an increase in the relative frequency of all liver-related cancers in Egypt (>95% as HCC), from 4.0% in 1993 to 7.3% in 2003.6-8 The Middle East Cancer Consortium recently reported that the incidence rate among males was 7 times greater...

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Section: Literature Search Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of hepatitis viruses among hepatocellular carcinoma cases and healthy people in Egypt: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Lehman

Wilson

2008

Intl Journal of Cancer

127

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“…8,[10][11][12][13][14][15] The ageadjusted anti-HCV prevalence of 24% is the highest reported in a community-based study inclusive of all age groups. In the first report of HCV among Egyptians by Saeed et al, 9 the observed anti-HCV prevalence of 19.2% among Egyptian blood donors in Saudi Arabia most probably reflects the predominantly rural male composition of the subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HCV infection is more common among adults, males, those with a history of schistosomiasis, and those living in rural communities of Lower Egypt. 8,12,14 However, the epidemiologic and biologic basis for HCV transmission in Egypt is not known. A community cohort was established in a rural, schistosomiasis-endemic area of the Lower Nile Delta to further study HCV infection in rural Egypt.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6][7] In contrast, a high prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) has been found among apparently healthy Egyptian populations, such as expatriate workers in the Gulf Region (31%), 8 blood donors (10%-28%), [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] military recruits (22%-33%), 13,15 rural primaryschool children (12%), and rural village inhabitants (16%-18%). 13,15,16 In the largest published study, anti-HCV was assessed in 5,071 Egyptians undergoing pre-employment examination, and the prevalence increased with age, peaking at 55% among those 45 to 49 years old.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection in a community in the nile delta: Population description and HCV prevalence

Abdel-Aziz¹,

Habib²,

Mostafa³

et al. 2000

Hepatology

218

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This report describes a cross-sectional survey of the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in a rural Egyptian community in the Nile Delta. One half of the village households were systematically selected and examined by questionnaire and testing sera for anti-HCV and HCV RNA. Blood samples were obtained from 3,888 (75.4%) of 5,156 residents H5 years of age; an additional 111 samples were obtained from children younger than 5 years. Overall, 973 (24.3%) of 3,999 residents were anti-HCVpositive, and the age-and gender-adjusted seroprevalence was 23.7%. Anti-HCV prevalence increased sharply with age, from 9.3% in those 20 years of age and younger to G50% in those older than 35 years. Currently or previously married individuals were more likely to be seropositive than those never married, controlling for age (Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio ‫؍‬ 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 2.6). Of the 905 anti-HCV-positive samples tested, 65% were also positive for HCV RNA. Active schistosomal infection was not associated with anti-HCV status; however, history of antischistosomal injection therapy (reported by 19% of anti-HCV positives) was a risk for anti-HCV (age-adjusted risk ratio ‫؍‬ 1.3; 95% CI: 1.2, 1.5). This study, the largest community-based survey to date, supports earlier reports of high levels of anti-HCV among adults in rural areas of Egypt, although many of those who are seropositive will not have active liver disease. The large reservoir of HCV infection in the community provides an opportunity to investigate risk factors for transmission, the natural history of infection and effectiveness of preventive methodologies, and raises concern about the prospect of an increasing incidence of chronic liver disease in the coming decades. (HEPATOLOGY 2000;32:111-115.)In the United States and Europe, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been detected in 1% to 2% of the general population and fewer than 1% of volunteer blood donors. [1][2][3]

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“…6,39,45 In Egypt, eight to ten million are infected and 68 million people have been exposed to HCV 52 (a prevalence of 10 to 60%), mainly in rural areas. 15,17,21 The prevalence of HCV infection is lower in Brazil than in Egypt and varies from 2.5% to 4.9%, corresponding to approximately 3.9 to 7.6 million people. 11 HCV may be implicated as a factor infl uencing the severity of schistosomiasis in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Schistosomiasis mansoni and hepatitis C: systematic review

et al. 2013

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OBJECTIVE:To perform a systematic review of the prevalence of the HCV/S. mansoni co-infection and associated factors in Schistosoma mansoni-infected populations. METHODS:The bibliographic search was carried out using the Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, Cochrane Library and Ibecs databases. The criteria for the studies' selection and the extraction data were based on systematic review methods. Forty fi ve studies were found, with nine being excluded in a fi rst screening. Thirteen articles were used for data extraction. RESULTS:The HCV infection rates in schistosomiasis populations range from 1% in Ethiopia to 50% in Egypt. Several studies had poorly defi ned methodologies, even in areas characterized by an association between hepatitis C and schistosomiasis, such as Brazil and Egypt, which meant conclusions were inconsistent. HCV infection rates in schistosomotic populations were heterogeneous and risk factors for acquiring the virus varied widely. CONCLUSIONS:Despite the limitations, this review may help to identify regions with higher rates of hepatitis C and schistosomiasis association. However, more studies are necessary for the development of public health policies on prevention and control of both diseases.

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Risk Factors Associated with a High Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Egyptian Blood Donors

Cited by 155 publications

References 0 publications

Epidemiology of hepatitis viruses among hepatocellular carcinoma cases and healthy people in Egypt: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Epidemiology of hepatitis viruses among hepatocellular carcinoma cases and healthy people in Egypt: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection in a community in the nile delta: Population description and HCV prevalence

Association between Schistosomiasis mansoni and hepatitis C: systematic review

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