Risk Factors and the Role of the Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio in Predicting Recurrence Among Patients with Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

Abstract

Background Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast with a high recurrence rate. The serum albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) is a relatively novel biomarker in inflammatory diseases, and one whose role in the recurrence of IGM remains unknown. This study primarily investigated the potential risk factors for IGM recurrence and whether AGR can be used as a predictive factor. Methods Patients diagnosed with IGM from pathology reports between 2016 and 2021 were enrolled in the study, and their medical records were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups – recurrence and non-recurrence. Clinical, demographic characteristics, and laboratory parameters were compared. Results Eighty-five patients were included in the study, recurrence being detected in 16 (18.8%) of these, with a median follow-up time of 39.99±18.93 months. No relationship was determined between childbearing, breastfeeding, disease severity, or therapeutic approaches and IGM recurrence. While AGR was significantly lower in the recurrence group (p < 0.001), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) results were comparable in the two groups (p = 0.472 and p = 0.421, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified low AGR (odds ratio (OR): 50.7, 95% CI 5.93–434.1 P < 0.001) and smoking (OR: 4.45, 95% CI 1.04–18.9 P = 0.044) as independent risk factors for IGM recurrence. Conclusion The study findings indicated that AGR at a cut-off value of ≤1.179 at diagnosis and smoking exhibited a remarkable performance in predicting the recurrence of IGM. Developing new risk stratification systems for IGM recurrences and using AGR in these classifications may increase the success of treatment. Trial Registration This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05409586.

Prolactin and Non-Puerperal Mastitis: A Multimethodology Observational Study Using Real-World Data

“…The results illustrate that NPM patients with nipple deformity are more likely to receive milder assessment results (p < 0.001), which is consistent with previous studies assuming that the reason for restricted subareolar abscesses in these patients is associated with squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts [31] . The current study only observed the effects of age and smoking among NPM patients without NI, both of which agree with NPM clinical features and previous studies although those studies did not stratify the NPM patients by breast duct structure [28,32] .…”

“…This study investigates the effect of several covariates such as nipple deformity, age, smoking, external force, and autoimmune, and the conclusion is agreeable to previous studies that the effect of these factors differed from the breast structure [13,[28][29][30] . The results illustrate that NPM patients with nipple deformity are more likely to receive milder assessment results (p < 0.001), which is consistent with previous studies assuming that the reason for restricted subareolar abscesses in these patients is associated with squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts [31] .…”

Clinical features and risk factors of bilateral granulomatous lobular mastitis

“…Ciftci Ahmet Burak [21] Azizi A [22] 118 356 Not mention skin lesions [OR = 1.83,95%CI[0.12-3.00] ,P = .01] Qing Ting Tan [23] 20 93 132 inflammatory signs and symptoms* Corynebacterium infection* Pelin Basim [24] is longer compared to unilateral cases. In terms of symptoms, bilateral GLM shows similar characteristics to unilateral GLM, although the severity of symptoms was not compared in this retrospective study as the clinical data did not provide such information.…”

“…In reviewing reports on risk factors for GLM recurrence in domestic and international studies, [19][20][21][22][23][24] nipple discharge, skin damage, surgery, breast abscess, and smoking history were commonly identified as independent risk factors for unilateral recurrence (Table 4). This study found statistical differences in 4 variables: fertility, nipple development, CD4 absolute value, and CD4/CD8 ratio, through univariate analysis.…”

Simultaneous Recovery of Bovine Serum Albumin and Bovine Immunoglobulin G with Dual-Ligand Hydrophobic Charge-Induction Chromatography

“…In the biopharmaceutical industry, it is common to have multiple valuable components present in a single feedstock, such as albumin and globulin in plasma/serum. − To avoid wasting any of these components, strategies have been developed to address this issue. One such strategy is to recover different components with corresponding technologies in turn.…”