Risk Factors and the Adversity‐Stress Model

Interpretation biases in victims and non-victims of interpersonal trauma and their relation to symptom development

“…This might indicate individual differences in victims are more related to symptom development than common consequences of the experience of traumatic events. This is consistent with a diathesis stress model of PTSD, which suggests that pre-existing vulnerabilities determine which individuals will develop PTSD after the experience of traumatic events (Bowman & Yehuda, 2004;McKeever & Huff, 2003). In addition, the idea that common consequences of the experience of trauma are unrelated to the development of PTSD is consistent with statistics indicating that not all individuals who experience traumatic events will develop PTSD symptoms (Kessler et al, 1995).…”

PTSD symptoms, life events, and unit cohesion in U.S. soldiers: Baseline findings from the neurocognition deployment health study

“…Prior stressful life events strongly predicted PTSD symptoms, supporting a doseresponse relationship (Ozer, Best, Lipsey, & Weiss, 2003). Extending studies indicating that unit cohesion factors impact combat-related PTSD (Bowman & Yehuda, 2004); unit support and satisfaction with leadership significantly predicted noncombat-related PTSD symptoms in a military sample, even when controlling for demographic variables and life stressors. In addition, findings suggest that the association of stressful life events with PTSD symptoms decreases as unit cohesion increases, or, put another way, that the association of unit cohesion with PTSD symptoms increases as stressful life events increase.…”

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Controversies, Diagnosis, and Malingering

“…Moreover, appropriate treatment increases remittance rate (Blanchard et al 2003 ). Symptom severity is related more to factors such as pre-existing adjustment and also subjective reactions to the event, rather than to the degree of trauma (Bowman and Yehuda 2004 ;Ozer et al 2003 , respectively). Cognitive defi cits that precede the trauma constitute risk factors (Parslow and Jorm 2007 ).…”

“…Further, other research has demonstrated that depressed patients or individuals having social phobia would meet the PTSD criteria even without any traumatic event under criterion A (respectively, Bodkin et al 2007 ;Erwin et al 2006 ;however, I note that the overlap might not be quite at the level indicated). Other research suggests that non-event factors contribute more variance to clinical outcome than event factors (e.g., Bowman and Yehuda 2004 ).…”