Risk factors and pathogenic significance of bacteremic pneumonia in adult patients with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia

Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: clinical outcomes and preliminary results of inflammatory response

“…Kaplan-Meier curve for length of stay among 439 non-bacteremic and 394 bacteremic patients with S. pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia The results of our study contradict prior reports suggesting no association of bacteremic pneumococcal CAP and poor outcomes [13,14]. However, other investigators have found that bacteremia is a risk factor for death in patients with pneumococcal CAP [6][7][8][9][10][11]. In a prospective study carried in two hospitals in northern Spain (2001-2009), Capelastegui et al compared 492 non-bacteremic pneumococcal CAP patients with 399 bacteremic pneumococcal CAP [10].…”

“…They indicated that though the host related factors and severity on admission between two groups were very similar, the bacteremic patients had worse in-hospital course and outcomes. Kang et al [11] also used a database from a surveillance study of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia and compared data of the 114 bacteremic with 867 of the non-bacteremic groups. The results of this study also showed that bacteremia was a common finding in pneumococcal pneumonia and was associated with a higher mortality rate.…”

“…Despite these interventions, S. pneumoniae remains the most common cause of CAP, of which 20 % of cases are accompanied with bacteremia [5]. Controversy still exists regarding the impact of bacteremia on the clinical outcomes of hospitalized patients with pneumococcal CAP [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Influence of chronic illnesses and underlying risk conditions on the incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia in older adults

“…We note that incidence was threefold greater in persons with any underlying risk condition as compared with healthy subjects without risk conditions (2.56 vs 0.80 cases per 1000 person-year, respectively). Overall case fatality rate was considerable (10.4 %), but it appears in the low limit of case fatality rates observed in adults with pneumococcal pneumonia, where values ranging between 3 and 35 % have been reported [19][20][21][22].…”

Antimicrobial Resistance in Asia: Current Epidemiology and Clinical Implications

“…Despite the widespread emergence of in vitro resistance in pneumococcal isolates in Asia, the ANSORP studies showed that mortality rates among patients with pneumococcal pneumonia caused by penicillin-, cephalosporin-, or macrolide-resistant strains were not higher than those among patients with antibiotic-susceptible pneumococcal pneumonia [11, 12]. Even though several studies suggested that the outcome of serious pneumococcal infections was not significantly affected by antimicrobial resistance [12, 13], a post-hoc analysis of the ANSORP study showed that levofloxacin resistance was associated with increased mortality in adult patients with invasive pneumococcal diseases [14].…”