Risk Factors and Open-angle Glaucoma: Classification and Application

Boland, Michael V.; Quigley, Harry A.

doi:10.1097/ijg.0b013e31806540a1

Cited by 201 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…3 Transient scotomas (seen as grey patches), nonspecific field defects, reduced acuity, and kakopsia (colours appearing brighter) could all occur due to Correspondence impairment of the primary visual cortex. 4 Whooshing sounds were likely hallucination originating from auditory cortex. The vivid combination of visual and auditory disturbances has been found to explain alleged haunted houses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon monoxide poisoning masquerading as giant cell arteritis

Mota

Rahman

Magliano

et al. 2011

Eye

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Sir, Carbon monoxide poisoning masquerading as giant cell arteritisCase report A 67-year-old woman presented with left-sided blurred vision on a background of temporal headaches, arthralgia (shoulder and jaw), and malaise. She also described seeing grey patches, which lasted for minutes, and hearing whooshing sounds.Best corrected vision was 6/9 right and 6/12 left. Temporal arteries were tender on palpation. Ishihara test was normal, but subjectively red objects appeared 50% brighter through the left eye. Ocular examination was otherwise unremarkable. Blood tests showed ESR 47 and CRP 6.3. Visual fields (Figure 1) and MRI brain (Figure 2) revealed nonspecific abnormalities.Patient was admitted for suspected giant cell arteritis (GCA). Doppler ultrasound of temporal arteries and left temporal artery biopsy (TAB) were negative. After 4 days of steroid treatment, the headache and arthralgia improved but vision remained unchanged. Repeat bloods were normal. Patient was discharged on oral prednisolone.Upon arriving home, she was intrigued to discover her kitchen covered in soot. Concerns from her daughter led to investigation by a gas technician who confirmed CO production from the boiler. Carboxyhaemoglobin level the following day measured 1.9% (normal o1.5% in non-smoker). She recalled retrospectively that her various symptoms started after installing double glazing 1 year ago. Steroid was weaned off. At 2 months follow-up she was symptom-free and vision had recovered to 6/9 in both eyes. DiscussionChronic low level CO exposure is substantially under-recognised. 1 Symptoms are vague and severity fluctuates as carboxyhaemoglobin has a half-life of 4 h once fresh air is reintroduced. Radiographic abnormalities in the lentiform nuclei and deep white matter are consistent with previous reports and likely results of hypoxia within watershed zones. 2 Visual manifestations are slow in both onset and resolution. 3 Transient scotomas (seen as grey patches), nonspecific field defects, reduced acuity, and kakopsia (colours appearing brighter) could all occur due to 337Eye impairment of the primary visual cortex. 4 Whooshing sounds were likely hallucination originating from auditory cortex. The vivid combination of visual and auditory disturbances has been found to explain alleged haunted houses. 5 The lesson is that CO poisoning can mimic GCA and should form part of the differential. Focused social history and carboxyhaemoglobin level can help exclude the condition. Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. AcknowledgementsPatient's written consent has been obtained for publication of case report. No funding was involved in this case report. This original work has not been published or presented in the past. References

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Whooshing sounds were likely hallucination originating from auditory cortex. The vivid combination of visual and auditory disturbances has been found to explain alleged haunted houses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon monoxide poisoning masquerading as giant cell arteritis

Mota

Rahman

Magliano

et al. 2011

Eye

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“…Specifically, young hypertensives were less likely to have OAG compared to non-hypertensives, while older hypertensives were more likely to have OAG compared to non-hypertensives [28]. It is possible that age is a surrogate for duration of hypertension and that autoregulative mechanisms may be compromised after years of exposure to hypertension, and thus may predispose to OAG [29]. …”

Section: From Pp To Its Principal Components: Bp and Iopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weighing in Ocular Perfusion Pressure in Managing Glaucoma

Topouzis

Founti²

2009

TOOPHTJ

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The role of vascular risk factors in glaucoma is increasingly being supported by the literature, with the association between low ocular perfusion pressure (PP) and glaucoma being the most consistent result. However, we need to be cautious when interpreting these results and consider all possible confounders in the observed associations. While we assess PP through its principal components, the weight of intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood pressure (BP) in the PP equation remains unknown. Also, the role of PP in glaucoma needs to be elucidated with regards to IOP and BP fluctuation during the 24hour period and the effect of IOP-lowering and BP-lowering treatment. The complexity of the interaction of PP with other potential risk factors for glaucoma means that PP cannot be currently considered in the assessment of an individual patient. The role of PP in glaucoma warrants further research and randomized clinical trials assessing PP should include vision and/or structure preservation as end-points and ideally address all of the above issues.

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“…2 The reference for their figure that 'at least one third of acute closed angle glaucoma (ACAG) cases are related to over-the-counter or prescription drugs' is a paper discussing risk factors in open-angle glaucoma. 4 The authors' view that systemic anticholinergic or sympathomimetic medication can cause pupillary dilatation, which precipitates pupillary block CAG, is unsubstantiated. The risk of inducing ACAG has been shown to be zero with tropicamide and between 1 in 4000, and 1 in 20 000, when using long-acting or combined agents.…”

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confidence: 99%

‘Non-steroidal drug-induced glaucoma’ by MR Razeghinejad, MJ Pro and LJ Katz

Wishart

2011

Eye

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Risk Factors and Open-angle Glaucoma: Classification and Application

Cited by 201 publications

References 120 publications

Carbon monoxide poisoning masquerading as giant cell arteritis

Carbon monoxide poisoning masquerading as giant cell arteritis

Weighing in Ocular Perfusion Pressure in Managing Glaucoma

‘Non-steroidal drug-induced glaucoma’ by MR Razeghinejad, MJ Pro and LJ Katz

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