Risk factors and mortality rate of acute cancrum oris (noma) in Sokoto North-West Nigeria: A 13-year survey

Braimah, Ramat Oyebunmi; Adeniyi, Aremu Semiu; Taiwo, Abdurrazaq Olanrewaju; Ibikunle, Adebayo Aremu; Gbotolorun, Olalekan Micah; Aregbesola, Stephen Babatunde; Abdulazeez, Kehinde; Bala, Mujtaba

doi:10.4103/jpd.jpd_58_16

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The table below explores the risk factors noted in the primary studies included in this review ( Table 1 ). Reported risk factors for the development of noma in these primary studies include chronic malnutrition [ 11 , 15 , 17 , 75 , 111 , 114 , 118 , 147 ], comorbidities either at the time of noma diagnosis or in the three months leading up to diagnosis [ 11 , 15 , 17 , 41 , 51 , 75 , 104 , 107 , 111 , 114 , 118 , 122 , 147 ] and low vitamin A and vitamin C levels [ 7 ]. Social and environmental risk factors include being between two and five years of age [ 11 , 15 , 41 , 51 , 75 , 96 , 107 , 118 ], not being breastfed [ 114 , 143 ], lack of access to basic health care [ 41 ]- including a lack of childhood vaccinations [ 100 , 143 ], poor oral hygiene practices leading to gingivitis (Stage 0 noma) [ 100 ], low socioeconomic status [ 104 ], a lack of variety in the diet [ 143 ], the mother being unmarried, not the primary caretaker [ 143 ], and having a high number of previous pregnancies [ 111 ], and the absence of chickens at home [ 111 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies have noted that the characteristics of noma are similar to that of an opportunistic infection, implicating a change in the equilibrium of commensal bacteria due to a derailment of host defences [ 11 , 96 , 98 , 166 ]. Evidence that supports the understanding of noma being an opportunistic infection rests in the fact that most cases have concurrent infections or occur in immunocompromised individuals [ 11 , 15 , 17 , 41 , 51 , 75 , 104 , 107 , 111 , 114 , 118 , 122 , 147 ]. Table 2 below offers a summary of the etiologic studies included in this review and the organisms identified, the details of each study and limitations of the study methods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Farley

Mehta

Srour³

et al. 2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Noma (cancrum oris) is an ancient but neglected and poorly understood preventable disease, afflicting the most disenfranchised populations in the world. It is a devastating and often fatal condition that requires urgent and intensive clinical and surgical care, often difficult to access as most cases of noma occur in resource-limited settings. We conducted a scoping review of the literature published on noma to understand the size and scope of available research on the disease and identify research gaps that need to be addressed to evolve our understanding of how to address this disease. Methods We searched 11 databases and collected primary peer reviewed articles on noma in all languages, the final search was conducted on 24th August 2021. The oldest manuscript identified was from 28th March 1843 and the most recently published manuscript was from 3rd June 2021. Search terms included cancrum oris and noma. Data was extracted using a standardised data extraction tool and key areas of interest were identified. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic review and Meta-Analyses requirements were followed. Results The review included 147 articles, the majority of the studies (n = 94, 64%) were case reports. Most manuscripts (n = 81, 55%) were published in the 2000s, 49 (33%) were from the 1900s and 17 (12%) from the 1800s. The main areas of interest identified were the history and epidemiology of the disease, noma’s clinical progression and aetiology, treatment regimens, mortality rates and the risk factors for the development of noma. Conclusions Noma has been reported in the literature for hundreds of years; however important gaps in our understanding of the disease remain. Future research should focus on determining the burden and distribution of disease; the true mortality rate, pathogenic cause(s) and the factors that influence prognosis and outcomes after treatment.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Farley

Mehta

Srour³

et al. 2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…11,12 These sequelae include osteomyelitis among others such as trismus, bony fusion, and intense scaring. 13,14,15 This study majorly targeted osteomyelitis as a common sequela of Noma that has been ignored in most of the Noma literatures. We observed that osteomyelitis is a common sequelae of chronic Noma and that it is more common in male patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinico-Pathological Analysis of Osteomyelitis in Cancrum Oris (Noma) Patients Seen in Noma Children Hospital, Northwest Nigeria

MUJTABA¹,

CHIMEZIE²,

ADEBAYO³

et al. 2022

Nig J Dent Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Cancrum oris is a rapid and devastating infectious disease of the orofacial region, which can be life threatening in its fulminant stage. Infection of bone (osteomyelitis) is a possible sequelae of Noma (cancrum oris) and is more likely due to late presentation especially in our environment. A literature search revealed scanty research describing osteomyelitis in Noma patients. Objective: To analyze the clinico–pathology of osteomyelitis in Noma patients diagnosed and treated at Noma Children Hospital, Sokoto. Methods: The design was a 2-year retrospective study of records of Thirty–two patients who had sequestrectomy secondary to osteomyelitis in Noma (Cancrum oris). Age, gender, jaws affected and side of involvement were analyzed Results: The age ranged from 2–11 years with mean ±standard deviation 5.47 ± 2.68 years was recorded. Osteomyelitis in Noma patients was found among 17 (53.10%) males compared to 15 (46.90%) females. In 20 (62. 50%) of the cases, anterior maxillary involvement was observed and the remaining 12 (37. 50%) was found at the mandibular posterior region and it is more common on the left side. Result of histopathology showed both acute and chronic inflammatory cells. Necrosis and bone hyperactivity was observed in most of the slides. Conclusion: Osteomyelitis is a common complication of Noma and its treatment is of paramount importance for adequate management of Noma patients.

show abstract

“…13 Cancrum oris in underdeveloped nations especially sub-Saharan Africa have been associated with poverty where there is high rate of chronic malnutrition, lack of portable drinking water, poor environmental and personal sanitation, and high contact with viral and bacterial pathogens [13][14][15] In northwest Nigeria, this condition has been reported to be common. 16,17 The authors have reported pattern of tissue destruction in noma cases in northwest Nigeria with destruction of orofacial soft tissues, mandible, and maxilla 17 ; however bony fusion of the mandible and maxilla alone was neither observed nor reported. On the contrary, Shivanand et al 18 have reported bony fusion as a sequelae of noma without the TMJ involvement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis with Maxillary Extension: Proposal for Modification of Sawhney's Classification

Braimah

Taiwo

Ibikunle

et al. 2018

Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction Open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a unique joint in which both jaws must open synchronously for function. Any pathology in one or both joints results in functional problems with associated poor quality of life. TMJ ankylosis (TMJA) is a joint pathology as a result of bony and/or fibrous adhesion of the joint apparatus, resulting in partial or total loss of function. This is a retrospective study from two tertiary referral centers in northwest region of Nigeria from 2012 to 2016. Data retrieved include gender, age, etiology of ankylosis, duration of ankylosis, laterality of ankylosis, type of imaging technique, type of airway management, types of incision, surgical procedure, interpositional materials used, and complications. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Window version 20.0 (IBM Corp.). Results were presented as simple frequencies and descriptive statistics. A total of 36 patients with TMJA were seen during the study period; out of which 7 (19.4%) patients had maxillary extension of the ankylotic mass. There was a male: female ratio of 1.3:1. Four (57.1%) patients were within the age group between 5 and 10 years, two (28.6%) within the age group between 11 and 15 years, while only one (14.3%) was within the age group between 31 and 35 years. All the cases (7 [100%]) of maxillary extension were secondary to cancrum oris (noma). Cheek scarring as a result of management of cancrum oris was observed. In addition, intraoral fibrosis eliminating the upper and lower buccal sulci extending to the molar regions was also noted. With the involvement of the maxilla in the ankylotic mass, the authors have proposed modification of Sawhney's classification by the addition of Class V. The authors have suggested a name for the new classification to be “Modified Sawhney's Classification of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis”. Aggressive postoperative physiotherapy for a sufficient period of time (minimum of 6 months) is paramount.

show abstract

Risk factors and mortality rate of acute cancrum oris (noma) in Sokoto North-West Nigeria: A 13-year survey

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Clinico-Pathological Analysis of Osteomyelitis in Cancrum Oris (Noma) Patients Seen in Noma Children Hospital, Northwest Nigeria

Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis with Maxillary Extension: Proposal for Modification of Sawhney's Classification

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About