Risk compensation in HIV prevention: Implications for vaccines, microbicides, and other biomedical HIV prevention technologies

Eaton, Lisa A.; Kalichman, Seth C.

doi:10.1007/s11904-007-0024-7

Cited by 231 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This large number of variants makes the virus more difficult to treat and hinders vaccine development (Hanke and McMichael, 2000). In addition, because of its rapid rate of evolution, even within a single individual, HIV can quickly evolve resistance to the drugs the individual is taking to combat the virus (Eaton and Kalichman, 2007).…”

Section: Genetic Variation Among Hiv Subtypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and cardiovascular disease

2017

Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.

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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus belonging to the family of lentiviruses. Retroviruses are so named because they reverse the normal flow of genetic information. In all cellular organisms the genetic material is DNA. Retroviruses use their RNA and host DNA to make viral DNA. Infection with HIV causes severe damage to the immune system leading to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Individuals infected with HIV show both cellular and humoral (antibody) immune responses to the virus, but these responses are unable to prevent the ultimate progression of disease in the great majority of infected individuals. Depletion of CD4 lymphocytes is the hallmark of HIV infection, and predicts an individual's risk for infection with opportunistic pathogens as well as other complications of HIV disease. There is a great association of HIV and cardiovascular disease due to a higher prevalence of underlying traditional cardiovascular risk factors that are mostly host dependent. Most of the HIV drugs increase the chances of cardiovascular diseases in the patients especially protease inhibitors. Chronic inflammation, hypercoagulability and platelet activation all contribute to endothelial dysfunction, and are a probable link between HIV and cardiovascular disease.

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Section: Genetic Variation Among Hiv Subtypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and cardiovascular disease

2017

Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.

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“…Although there are concerns about the infrastructure and resource implications of 'scale up' and 'roll-out' of TasP (Mayer & Krakower, 2012) most uncertainty focuses on people with HIV. Concerns abound about who is or is not testing for HIV, whether individuals can access and comply with drug regimens (Diamond, et al, 2005;Kalichman, 2008 )and the potential for 'compensatory' sexual risk-taking (Crepaz, et al, 2004;Eaton & Kalichman, 2007).…”

Section: Anticipating Tasp: Public Health Perspectives Vs Those Of Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embodied, clinical and pharmaceutical uncertainty: people with HIV anticipate the feasibility of HIV treatment as prevention (TasP)

Keogh

2016

Critical Public Health

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Evidence of the efficacy of HIV treatment as prevention (TasP) precipitated a highly optimistic global response and a radical re-design of HIV policy. Sociologists and others have framed TasP within promissory or enterprising discourses which require HIV prevention planners and people with HIV to engage in anticipatory assessments of risk and uncertainty. In 2013, I conducted focus groups with people with HIV in London, UK to explore their understandings and anticipations of TasP.An environment of economic constraint obliged participants to triage clinical need and presentation and they expressed scepticism about the sustainability of pharmaceutical investment in treatment innovation. These perceptions were informed by an embodied knowledge of HIV which implies a construction of health as a form of capital that is finite and must be conserved. This is contrasted with a bio-medical construction of health as a form of capital that can be exponentially generated through investment. The imperative of conservation entailed by people with HIV's anticipations contrasts with the speculative economy of biomedical production entailed in planners' anticipations of TasP.Rather than researching 'TasP acceptability' and considering whether people with HIV's behaviours constitute an obstacle to TasP's effectiveness, we should recognise that people with HIV are already involved in shaping what TasP is, what it will be and ultimately how it 'works'.

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“…Além da PrEP, existem outras tecnologias biomé-dicas que podem ser utilizadas como forma de prevenir o HIV, tais como a profilaxia pós-exposição (PEP) por meio da medicação antirretroviral depois da situação de risco, o uso de microbicidas e a circuncisão masculina 40,41 . Atendendo a essas diferentes possibilidades, importa intensificar a sua divulgação e uma utilização adequada em função dos diferentes cenários de potencial contágio.…”

Section: Prevenção Epidemiológica De Banda Largaunclassified

Indivíduos, estruturas e riscos: panorâmica da prevenção primária do HIV em Portugal

Sacramento

2016

Cad. Saúde Pública

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Resumo: O texto debate as principais orientações e procedimentos que configuram a prevenção primária do HIV/AIDS em Portugal, prestando especial atenção à redução de riscos nos dois grandes cenários de propagação da epidemia: a sexualidade e o consumo de drogas injetáveis. Na análise, os riscos de infecção são considerados enquanto expressões de práticas densamente imbricadas em estruturas sociais e quadros culturais. À luz dessa concepção, procura-se avaliar e compreender em que medida as estratégias preventivas têm subjacente uma abordagem ampla e integradora, incluindo os indivíduos e as suas circunstâncias. Simultaneamente, são identificados alguns dos grandes constrangimentos estruturais que ainda se colocam à concretização de condições propícias à minimização de riscos e à adoção de comportamentos seguros. Nesses exercícios analíticos não se ponderam somente as orientações políticas e programáticas, mas também processos no terreno, de forma a mostrar-se como a não operacionalização de medidas já previstas e legisladas constitui, por si mesma, uma poderosa barreira estrutural à prevenção do HIV.

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Risk compensation in HIV prevention: Implications for vaccines, microbicides, and other biomedical HIV prevention technologies

Cited by 231 publications

References 44 publications

Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and cardiovascular disease

Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and cardiovascular disease

Embodied, clinical and pharmaceutical uncertainty: people with HIV anticipate the feasibility of HIV treatment as prevention (TasP)

Indivíduos, estruturas e riscos: panorâmica da prevenção primária do HIV em Portugal

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