Risk assessments for the dietary intake aflatoxins in food: A systematic review (2016–2022)

Bhardwaj, Kiran; Meneely, Julie; Haughey, Simon A.; Dean, Moira; Wall, Patrick; Zhang, Guangtao; Baker, Bob; Elliott, Christopher T.

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109687

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…A study in mice showed that AFB 1 doses of 6 μg/g body weight could develop hepatocellular cancer in 90% of guinea pigs after 52 weeks ( 56 ). In this sense, it is important to point out that even with a small amount of toxin, an orientation for the nut portion that should be consumed safely is also necessary ( 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the safety and quality of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) using the tools of dna sequencing technology and aflatoxin profile

Esperança,

Moreira,

Chávez

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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IntroductionBrazil nuts (BNs) result from sustainable extraction and are widely exploited in the Amazon region. Due to the production characteristics in the forest and the nutritional characteristics of these nuts, the occurrence of fungal contamination and the presence of aflatoxins are extensively discussed in the literature as a great aspect of interest and concern. This study aims to evaluate the microbial profile through DNA sequencing and amplification of 16S and ITS genes for bacterial and fungal analysis, respectively, and the presence of mycotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) from different fractions of the nuts processed.MethodsThe BN samples, harvest A (HA) and harvest B (HB), from two different harvests were collected in an extractive cooperative in the Amazon region for microbiological analysis (from DNA extraction and amplification of 16S genes, bacteria analysis, and ITS for fungi) and mycotoxins (aflatoxins AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) using HPLC-FD/KobraCell®.Results and discussionThe samples showed a very different microbiome and aflatoxin profile. Genera such as Rothia (HA) and Cronobacter (HB) were abundant during the analysis of bacteria; as for fungi, the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria were also considered prevalent in these samples. Soil microorganisms, including those pathogenic and related to inadequate hygienic-sanitary production practices, as well as aflatoxins, were found in the samples. However, they were within the established limits permitted by Brazilian legislation. Nuts have a diverse microbiota and are not restricted to fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The microbiological and toxicological profile can vary significantly within the same nut in the same extraction region and can be exacerbated by global climate changes. Therefore, it is necessary to advance sanitary educational actions by applying good production practices and inspection programs to ensure the sustainability and quality of the BN production chain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the mycotoxin-producing fungi in BN, aflatoxins (AF) are observed with greater concern, as they cause disease and can lead to death ( 3 ). AF can cause harmful effects such as immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects, even in small amounts in food ( 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the safety and quality of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) using the tools of dna sequencing technology and aflatoxin profile

Esperança,

Moreira,

Chávez

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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“… 36 From the findings of a systematic review on the AFB1 and AFT in common dietary foods, the EDIs of AFB1 or AFT in our study were lower than in studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries, namely India, Vietnam, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Togo, Iran, and Qatar, but higher than in studies conducted in high-income countries. 37 This implies that the AFs were detected from foods mostly from low- and middle-income rather than high-income countries, and the sources of food contaminations depended on the types of foods commonly consumed in tropical areas of the country. 15 , 37 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations of Aflatoxin Exposure from Cooking Oil and Dietary Foods During Pregnancy with Birth Weight and Gestational Age at Birth in Guangxi, China

Zhong,

Lu,

et al. 2024

IJGM

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Background Cooking oil and dietary foods are easily contaminated by aflatoxins (AFs) in Guangxi, China where low birth weight and preterm birth were prevalent. However, there are no data on AF exposure in pregnant women or their impact on newborn birth outcomes. This study aims to measure the levels and correlations of AFs in cooking oil, estimated dietary intake (EDI) of AFs in dietary foods, and serum AFB1 albumin adducts (AFB1-alb) with newborn birthweight and gestational age at birth. Methods A prospective study was conducted among 126 pregnant women in Guangxi, China. All recruited women were interviewed for demographic data and behavior and obstetric information and then followed up until giving birth. AF measurements were obtained from cooking oil, dietary foods, maternal serum, and cord blood and the correlations of AF levels with newborn birthweight and gestational age at birth were tested using correlation analysis. Results The median EDI of AFs in cooking oil was 2.61 ng/kg.bw/day and in dietary foods 2.95 ng/kg.bw/day. High positive correlations among EDI of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from cooking oil and dietary foods were found (r > 0.7). Low positive correlations of AFB1-alb in maternal serum and cord blood and both EDI of AFB1 in both cooking oil and dietary foods were shown (r ≈0.3). Significant correlations between AF levels in both cooking oil and dietary foods with birth weight were found, but very low negative correlations (r = - 0.244 ~ −0.285). AFB1 levels in foods, maternal serum and cord blood levels were high in pregnant women with newborn low birth weight and preterm birth. Conclusion The EDIs of AFB1 from both cooking oil and dietary foods were significantly correlated with AFB1-alb in maternal serum and cord blood. Negative correlations of AFs from cooking oils and foods with newborn birth weight should be paid more attention.

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“…AFs are commonly encountered in crops and their derived products, including, spices, vegetables, oilseeds, cereals, nuts and milk (Okechukwu et al ., 2024). Additionally, AFs contamination might happen pre‐harvest stage, during harvest, transportation or storage (Bhardwaj et al ., 2023). Accumulated data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), at least 25% of agricultural crops worldwide are affected by mycotoxins contamination every year, with aflatoxins being the most harmful (Parihar et al ., 2023; Peng et al ., 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV light treatment (278 nm) for detoxification of aflatoxins and application in edible and medicinal herb coix seed

Zou,

Sun,

et al. 2024

Int J of Food Sci Tech

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SummaryAflatoxins (AFs) are highly toxic and cancer‐causing compounds, which could be commonly found in agricultural products and feeds. However, different tactics for detoxification have significant limitations due to their unsuitability for use. In this study, an LED UV curing system (wavelength: 278 nm, irradiation energy: 100%, irradiation time: 10 min) could effectively reduce pure aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), pure aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) and pure aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) (detoxification rates are more than 80%). In addition, in vitro biocompatibility tests indicate that the hypertoxicity of the obtained AFs‐degraded solutions was significantly reduced, which might be because the unsaturated ketone structure in AFB1, AFB2 and AFG1 was broken. Moreover, in processed coix seed and dried boat‐fruited Sterculia seed samples, the amount of AF was greatly reduced, and the rate of degradation was more than 85% with irradiation for 30 min. These data adequately implied that the current work might offer a practical way to detoxify AFs in various medicinal plants and foods.

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Risk assessments for the dietary intake aflatoxins in food: A systematic review (2016–2022)

Cited by 18 publications

References 113 publications

Evaluation of the safety and quality of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) using the tools of dna sequencing technology and aflatoxin profile

Evaluation of the safety and quality of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) using the tools of dna sequencing technology and aflatoxin profile

Correlations of Aflatoxin Exposure from Cooking Oil and Dietary Foods During Pregnancy with Birth Weight and Gestational Age at Birth in Guangxi, China

UV light treatment (278 nm) for detoxification of aflatoxins and application in edible and medicinal herb coix seed

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