Risk Assessment to Underpin Food Regulatory Decisions: An Example of Public Health Nutritional Epidemiology

Baines, Janis; Cunningham, Judy; Leemhuis, Christel; Hambridge, Tracy; Mackerras, Dorothy

doi:10.3390/nu3010164

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…This means that the SD of the final distribution is 80% of the original. The lower the ratio, the higher the correction—for example, a ratio of 0.5 would have resulted in a distribution with a SD of half the width of the original 21. We do not know whether having a greater number of replicates, such as 7 or 14, or including different seasons, would have yielded the same result.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Intraindividual variation in urinary iodine concentrations: effect of adjustment on population distribution using two and three repeated spot urine collections

et al. 2014

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ObjectivesTo determine the effect of adjustment for intraindividual variation on estimations of urinary iodine concentrations (UIC), prevalence of iodine deficiency and population distribution of iodine status.SettingCommunity-dwelling older adults from New South Wales, Australia.Participants84 healthy men and women aged 60–95 years were recruited prior to introduction of the mandatory iodine fortification programme.Primary and secondary outcome measuresUIC data were collected from three spot urine samples, each 1 week apart. Repeated measures analysis of variance were determined between-person (sb) and total (sobs) SDs. Adjusted UIC values were calculated as ((person's UIC−group mean)×(sb/sobs))+group mean, and a corrected UIC distribution was calculated.ResultsThe sb/sobs for using three samples and two samples were 0.83 and 0.79, respectively. Following adjustment for intraindividual variation, the proportion with UIC <50 μg/L reduced from 33% to 19%, while the proportion with UIC ≥100 μg/L changed from 21% to 17%. The 95th centile for UIC decreased from 176 to 136 μg/L. Adjustment by taking averages yielded a lesser degree of contraction in the distribution than the analysis of variance method.ConclusionsThe addition of information about intraindividual variability has potential for increasing the interpretability of UIC data collected to monitor the iodine status of a population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Intraindividual variation in urinary iodine concentrations: effect of adjustment on population distribution using two and three repeated spot urine collections

et al. 2014

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“…If F i approaches 1, then the corrected UIC for 1 day (day 1) is near the long-term UIC tendency. 19 20 Our study included the F i of different seasons, ages, sexes and settings to determine if it was different for various population subsets. The results showed that age, sex and setting subsets make little difference, whereas season has an important influence on F i .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-individual variation in urinary iodine concentration: effect of statistical correction on population distribution using seasonal three-consecutive-day spot urine in children

Liu

Sun

et al. 2016

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveTo determine the effect of statistical correction for intra-individual variation on estimated urinary iodine concentration (UIC) by sampling on 3 consecutive days in four seasons in children.SettingSchool-aged children from urban and rural primary schools in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.Participants748 and 640 children aged 8–11 years were recruited from urban and rural schools, respectively, in Harbin.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe spot urine samples were collected once a day for 3 consecutive days in each season over 1 year. The UIC of the first day was corrected by two statistical correction methods: the average correction method (average of days 1, 2; average of days 1, 2 and 3) and the variance correction method (UIC of day 1 corrected by two replicates and by three replicates). The variance correction method determined the SD between subjects (Sb) and within subjects (Sw), and calculated the correction coefficient (Fi), Fi=Sb/(Sb+Sw/di), where di was the number of observations. The UIC of day 1 was then corrected using the following equation:ResultsThe variance correction methods showed the overall Fi was 0.742 for 2 days’ correction and 0.829 for 3 days’ correction; the values for the seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter were 0.730, 0.684, 0.706 and 0.703 for 2 days’ correction and 0.809, 0.742, 0.796 and 0.804 for 3 days’ correction, respectively. After removal of the individual effect, the correlation coefficient between consecutive days was 0.224, and between non-consecutive days 0.050.ConclusionsThe variance correction method is effective for correcting intra-individual variation in estimated UIC following sampling on 3 consecutive days in four seasons in children. The method varies little between ages, sexes and urban or rural setting, but does vary between seasons.

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“…Despite the mandatory iodine fortification policy, high-risk groups with increased requirements, including pregnant and lactating women, may still not be adequately protected [11]. Dietary studies report an increased iodine intake in pregnant women since the implementation of fortification [12,13,14]. But these studies were not conducted in nationally representative samples of the population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Iodine Intake of the Australian Population after Introduction of a Mandatory Iodine Fortification Programme

2016

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To address mild iodine deficiency in Australia, a mandatory fortification program of iodised salt in bread was implemented in 2009. This study aimed to determine factors associated with achieving an adequate dietary iodine intake in the Australian population post-fortification, and to assess whether bread consumption patterns affect iodine intake in high-risk groups. Using nationally representative data of repeated 24-h dietary recalls from the 2011–2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey, dietary iodine intakes and food group contributions were compared by age, socioeconomic status (SES), and geographical remoteness (N = 7735). The association between fortified bread intake and adequacy of iodine intake (meeting age and sex-specific Estimated Average Requirements) was investigated using logistic regression models in women of childbearing age 14–50 years (n = 3496) and children aged 2–18 years (n = 1772). The effect of SES on bread consumption was further investigated in a sub group of children aged 5–9 years (n = 488). Main sources of iodine intake at the time of the survey were cereal and cereal products, followed by milk products and dishes. Differences in iodine intake and dietary iodine habits according to age, SES and location were found (p < 0.001) for women of child-bearing age. Fortified bread consumption at ≥100 g/day was associated with five times greater odds of achieving an adequate iodine intake (OR 5.0, 95% CI 4.96–5.13; p < 0.001) compared to lower bread consumption in women and 12 times in children (OR 12.34, 95% CI 1.71–89.26; p < 0.001). Disparities in dietary iodine intake exist within sectors of the Australian population, even after mandatory fortification of a staple food. On-going monitoring and surveillance of iodine status is required.

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Risk Assessment to Underpin Food Regulatory Decisions: An Example of Public Health Nutritional Epidemiology

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Intraindividual variation in urinary iodine concentrations: effect of adjustment on population distribution using two and three repeated spot urine collections

Intraindividual variation in urinary iodine concentrations: effect of adjustment on population distribution using two and three repeated spot urine collections

Intra-individual variation in urinary iodine concentration: effect of statistical correction on population distribution using seasonal three-consecutive-day spot urine in children

Dietary Iodine Intake of the Australian Population after Introduction of a Mandatory Iodine Fortification Programme

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