Risk Assessment of Pre-dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: A Case-Controlled Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. CKD patients are more likely to die from CVD before ever reaching endstage renal disease (ESRD). The study, therefore, seeks to identify the prevalence of risk factors of CVD in CKD patients such as systemic hypertension, anemia, dyslipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, albuminuria, and abnormal calcium/phosphate products.Methods: The study was a case-control cross-sectional study where one hundred fifty hypertensive CKD patients and age-and sex-matched hypertensive non-CKD subjects were consecutively enrolled at the renal unit of Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara.Results: The findings of the study revealed the mean ages of cases and controls to be 48.91±11.93 years and 51.0±15.45 years respectively (p-value 0.182). There was an equal number of males and females among the study group and controls (92 males and 58 females) making a male-to-female ratio of 3:2. The prevalence of CVD risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated low-density lipoprotein, anemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, albuminuria, and hypoalbuminemia was significantly higher among the CKD group compared to controls. Similarly, the prevalence of reduced highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) was higher among cases than controls, the difference was however not statistically significant. Conclusion:The study has shown that systemic hypertension, diabetes, anemia, dyslipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, albuminuria, and abnormal calcium/phosphate products increases the risk for CVD in the general population but is more expressed and significant in CKD patients.

Lipoprotein (a) Cut-Off in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with a History of Cardiovascular Disease in Center Hospital University Souro SANOU, Burkina Faso

“…However, CVD [11]. Generally, cardiovascular disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD, who are more likely to die from CVD before reaching end-stage renal disease [4]. A large number of studies have investigated Lp(a) in end-stage renal disease patients [12] [13], and elevated Lp(a) levels have been observed in patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis [12].…”

“…CVD is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients at every stage of CKD [2] [3]. CVD occurs early in CKD patients and many patients have CVD during their nephrology following [4]. Systematic reviews show that elevated Lp(a) concentration values were associated with a higher risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events in patients with CKD [5].…”