Risk assessment of pesticide spray drift from citrus applications with air-blast sprayers in Spain

Cunha, João Paulo Arantes Rodrigues da; Chueca, Patricia; Garcerá, Cruz; Moltó, Enrique

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.06.001

Cited by 52 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Environmental consequences are envisaged owing to the additional fungicide treatments required for the control of P. citricarpa once the pathogen is established (Cunha et al, 2013). Environmental consequences are envisaged owing to the additional fungicide treatments required for the control of P. citricarpa once the pathogen is established (Cunha et al, 2013).…”

Section: Environmental Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

2014

EFS2

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The Panel conducted a risk assessment of Phyllosticta citricarpa for the EU. P. citricarpa causes citrus black spot (CBS) and is absent from the EU. Under the scenario of absence of specific risk reduction options against P. citricarpa, the risk of entry of P. citricarpa was rated as likely for citrus plants for planting and citrus fruit with leaves, moderately likely for citrus fruit without leaves, unlikely for citrus leaves for cooking and very unlikely for Tahiti lime fruit without leaves. Establishment was rated as moderately likely because susceptible hosts are widely available and environmental conditions in many EU citrus-growing areas are suitable (with high uncertainty) for P. citricarpa ascospore production, dispersal and infection. Current fungicide treatments will not prevent establishment. Environmental favourability is increased by the use of sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigation in some EU citrus-growing locations. Spread with trade was rated as moderately likely. Model results indicate that CBS epidemics are most likely to develop in EU citrus-growing areas in late summer to early autumn and in some locations also in late spring to early summer. CBS is expected to affect mainly lemons and late-maturing sweet orange and mandarin varieties, with moderate negative consequences for the production of fresh fruit, but with environmental impact of additional fungicide treatments. Negative consequences would be minor for early-maturing citrus varieties and minimal for citrus for processing. Uncertainty concerning the consequences is high, mainly because of the lack of data on critical climate response parameters for the pathogen but also because information on impact in areas at the limits of the current distribution is scarce. Since eradication and containment are difficult, phytosanitary measures should focus on preventing entry. Current phytosanitary measures are evaluated to be effective, with the exception of pest-free production sites. SUMMARYThe European Commission requested EFSA to prepare a pest risk assessment of the citrus black spot (CBS) fungus Guignardia citricarpa Kiely (all strains pathogenic to Citrus), to identify risk reduction options and to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing the risk to plant health posed by this organism in the EU territory. 4 EFSA was also requested to carry out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the present EU requirements 5 for Guignardia citricarpa in reducing the risk of introduction of this harmful organism into the EU. Furthermore, EFSA was requested to assess the risk associated with Citrus latifolia plants, including fruit, for the entry of this organism into the EU.Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA's Scientific Panel on Plant Health (PLH) had undertaken in the summer 2013 a public consultation on the draft Scientific Opinion on the risk to plant health of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory. The comments received during the public consultation were taken into account and the Scientific O...

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Section: Environmental Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

2014

EFS2

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“…), important variations during the crop season with large modifications in the canopy size and density, wide options of plantation layout and relative training system, great variability in terms of spray technology, and influence of selected operational parameters during the application process (nozzle type, working pressure, forward speed, air assistance, etc.) make it much more difficult to establish an objective and widely applicable method for spray drift measurement in these situations (García-Ramos et al, 2009;Cunha et al, 2012;Gil et al, 2013;Salyani et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in developing a new test method to assess spray drift potential from air blast sprayers

Grella

Gil

Balsari

et al. 2017

Span. j. agric. res.

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Drift is one of the most important issues to consider for realising sustainable pesticide sprays. This study proposes and tests an alternative methodology for quantifying the drift potential (DP) of air blast sprayers, trying to avoid the difficulties faced in conducting field trials according to the standard protocol (ISO 22866:2005). For this purpose, an ad hoc test bench designed for DP comparative measurements was used. The proposed methodology was evaluated in terms of robustness, repetitiveness and coherence by arranging a series of trials at two laboratories. Representative orchard and vineyard air blast sprayers in eight configurations (combination of two forward speeds, two air fan flow rates, and two nozzle types) were tested. The test bench was placed perpendicular to the spray track to collect the fraction of spray liquid remaining in the air after the spray process and potentially susceptible to drift out of the treated area. Downwind spray deposition curves were obtained and a new approach was proposed to calculate an index value of the DP estimation that could allow the differences among the tested configurations to be described. Results indicated that forward speed of 1.67 m/s allows better discrimination among configurations tested. Highest DP reduction, over 87.5%, was achieved using the TVI nozzles in combination with low air fan flow rate in both laboratories; conversely, the highest DP value was obtained with the ATR nozzles in combination with high air fan flow rate. Although the proposed method shows a promising potential to evaluate drift potential of different sprayer types and nozzles types used for bush and tree crops further research and tests are necessary to improve and validate this method.Additional key words: spray drift test bench; sprayer settings; nozzles; fan air flow rate; vineyard and orchard sprayers.

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“…In the case of citrus, several studies have been conducted to enable a better understanding of droplet deposition within the tree canopy (Juste et al, 1990;Farooq & Salyani, 2002). Others have assessed the risk of spray drift based on the characteristics of the machinery used for spraying and/or on environmental considerations Cunha et al, 2012). To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have described the influence of canopies on the air currents induced by the fan around the canopies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Description of the airflow produced by an air-assisted sprayer during pesticide applications to citrus

Salcedo¹,

Garcerá²,

Granell³

et al. 2015

Span. j. agric. res.

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Atmospheric drift of plant protection products is considered a major source of air pollution during pesticide applications. Citrus protection against pests and diseases usually requires application of these products using air-blast sprayers. Many authors have emphasized the influence of vegetation on the risk of spray drift. The aim of this work was to describe in detail how the airflow from an air-blast sprayer behaves when it reaches citrus trees and, in particular, the effect that the tree canopy has on this flow. Tests were conducted at a commercial citrus orchard with conventional machinery, placed parallel to a row of trees. Air velocity and direction was measured using a 3D ultrasonic anemometer in 225 points situated in three parallel planes perpendicular to the equipment. The stability of the airflow at each measuring point was studied and the mean velocities were graphically represented. Two vortexes, one behind the canopy, and another over the tree, have been deducted and never been reported before. Both may have an important influence on the trajectories of the sprayed droplets and, as a consequence, on the way in which plant protection products are diffused into the atmosphere. Observed turbulence intensities were higher than in similar experiments conducted in other tree crops, which may be attributable to the higher air volume generated by the machinery used for citrus protection and to the higher foliage density of citrus orchards.

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Risk assessment of pesticide spray drift from citrus applications with air-blast sprayers in Spain

Cited by 52 publications

References 30 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

Scientific Opinion on the risk of Phyllosticta citricarpa (Guignardia citricarpa) for the EU territory with identification and evaluation of risk reduction options

Advances in developing a new test method to assess spray drift potential from air blast sprayers

Description of the airflow produced by an air-assisted sprayer during pesticide applications to citrus

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