Risk assessment of Pakistani individuals for diabetes (RAPID)

Riaz, Musarrat; Basit, Abdul; Hydrie, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal; Shaheen, Fariha; Hussain, Akhtar; Hakeem, Rubina; Shera, A. Samad

doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2012.04.002

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In a published study in 2015 with reference to Asian population, it was reported that these global tools were not directly adopted without preliminary validation and after the modification its effectiveness in term of reliable screening in undiagnosed diabetes were also reported as Mongolian population (Dugee et al, 2015). In 2012 and 2015, a diabetes risk score based study was reported that established the mechanism for identification of high risk individuals for early intervention to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes in Pakistani population (Riaz et al, 2012;Basit et al, 2015). In the present research, with the aid of modified tool and methodologies, the respondents were identified at intermediate risk, with increased risk for relative risk of disease which may also increase with certain passage of time in life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Categorization of relative risk of diseases with relation to stress, body mass index and anthropometric markers: A cross-sectional study in general population of Karachi, Pakistan

Azmi¹,

Qureshi²,

Imtiaz³

et al. 2017

Int. J. Med. Med. Sci.

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This study aimed to evaluate stress among general population of Karachi, Pakistan and to categorize the relative risk of diseases through body mass index (BMI), as well as to categorize the relative risk of diabetes through questionnaire based scoring pattern. Study consisted of two phase study duration. Total 377 individuals were approached; only 269 individuals completed the study procedures. In phase-I, data was collected through standardized questionnaire of American Institute of Stress (AIS), to determine total stress scores (TSS). In phase-II, anthropometric markers (e.g., body weight, height, waist and body mass index) were measured, to evaluate the Relative Risk of Disease (RrD). With the aid of socio-demographic variables and questionnaire, the relative risk of diabetes mellitus (RrDM) was also quantified. 71% was the participation rate, in which 51.3% were male and 48.7% were female. Cronbach's alpha (α) value was 69%. The mean scores of TSS (57.31±5.28) were moderate. Averages of body weight, height, waist and body mass index (BMI) were 164.6±13.5, 1.67±0.06, 35.75±2.5, 27.35±1.8, and RrDM (34.17±7.8), respectively. Through categorizing the RrD, 87.7% respondents were found to have increased risk, whereas, a least proportion were with high risk. Spearman R coefficient of gender variables showed indirect significant (p≤0.01) association with RrDM score. Pearson r coefficient of age variable showed direct significant (p≤0.01) association with RrDM score. Findings concluded that moderate increase of TSS with increase RrD leads to moderate existence of RrDM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Categorization of relative risk of diseases with relation to stress, body mass index and anthropometric markers: A cross-sectional study in general population of Karachi, Pakistan

Azmi¹,

Qureshi²,

Imtiaz³

et al. 2017

Int. J. Med. Med. Sci.

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“…Like the Pakistani study16, we also could not include dietary and physical activity variables in our regression model because of a lack of proper standardization of food portions and also a lack of correct categorization of physical activity level in our country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To observe the performance of Thai10, Indian11, Omanis12, UK13, Dutch14, Portuguese15 and Pakistani16 risk models in the Bangladeshi population, the logistic regression equations from these models on which these risk scores were based were re-analysed using the Chandra Rural Study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop and to check the validity of a simple non-invasive diabetes risk score that can be carried out at a primary care level to detect individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes in rural Bangladesh. Furthermore, we also tested the performance of the Thai10, Indian11, Omanis12, UK13, Dutch14, Portuguese15 and Pakistani16 risk scores in our population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simple risk score to detect rural Asian Indian (Bangladeshi) adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes

Bhowmik

Akhter

Ali

et al. 2015

J of Diabetes Invest

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Aims/IntroductionTo develop and evaluate a simple, non-invasive, diabetes risk score for detecting individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes in rural Bangladesh.Materials and MethodsData from 2,293 randomly selected individuals aged ≥20 years from a cross-sectional study in a rural community of Bangladesh (2009 Chandra Rural Study) was used for model development. The validity of the model was assessed in another rural cross-sectional study (2009 Thakurgaon Rural Study). The logistic regression model used included age, sex, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and hypertension status to predict individuals who were at high risk for type 2 diabetes.ResultsOn applying the developed model to both cohorts, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.70 (95% confidence interval 0.68–0.72) for the Chandra cohort and 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.68–0.74) for the Thakurgaon cohort. The risk score of >9 was shown to have the optimal cut-point to detect diabetes. This score had a sensitivity of 62.4 and 75.7%, and specificity of 67.4 and 61.6% in the two cohorts, respectively. This risk score was shown to have improved sensitivity and specificity to detect type 2 diabetes cases compared with the Thai, Indian, Omani, UK, Dutch, Portuguese and Pakistani diabetes risk scores.ConclusionsThis simple, non-invasive risk score can be used to detect individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes in rural Bangladesh. Subjects with a score of 9 or above (out of 15) should undergo an oral glucose tolerance test for definitive diagnosis of diabetes.

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“…Thus, a risk score RAPID (Risk Assessment of Pakistani Individuals for Diabetes), based on a self-assessment questionnaire, has been recently published and is expected to help to create a base for initiating mass public awareness programs in future. The questionnaire includes questions on age, family history of diabetes, and waist circumference [35]. These parameters are easy to understand and readily available for use to identify people at high risk of developing diabetes as well as identifying undiagnosed diabetes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diabetes Prevention in a Challenging Environment

Basit

Riaz

2013

Prevention of Diabetes

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Pakistan is a developing country with diverse economic, educational, and social patterns. It has a population of 161.66 million, of whom 68% live in rural areas. Challenges faced by Pakistan are multifactorial: 30% (42 million) of the population live below the poverty line; 45% (61 million) of the population have no access to safe drinking water; and 40% (54 million) of the population have no access to even basic health services. Nine million children under the age of 5 years are malnourished and 8 million children do not go to school. Pakistan's education indicators are the worst in South Asia [1].The health facilities available for the people of Pakistan are very poor. There are 149 201 registered doctors, with 1206 population per doctor. There are 10 958 registered dentists and 76 244 nurses [2]. There has been little increase in public sector spending in the health sector for the last 40 years. Since 1970, public expenditure on health and health infrastructure represented 0.7-0.8% of GDP and 3.5% of total government expenditure. Pakistan spends less than 30% of the health budget on the development of health infrastructure while private expenditure forms the bulk (75%) of total expenditure on health [3].The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates that there are approximately 7.1 million people with diabetes in Pakistan, ranking it seventh worldwide, and with the highest number of adults with diabetes [4]. This number is predicted to increase to 13.8 million by the year 2030, making it fourth in this list. These predictions are based upon populationbased studies conducted in urban and rural areas of the four provinces of Pakistan at different periods, which show a prevalence of diabetes ranging Prevention of Diabetes, First Edition. Edited by Peter Schwarz and Prasuna Reddy.

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Risk assessment of Pakistani individuals for diabetes (RAPID)

Cited by 17 publications

References 19 publications

Categorization of relative risk of diseases with relation to stress, body mass index and anthropometric markers: A cross-sectional study in general population of Karachi, Pakistan

Categorization of relative risk of diseases with relation to stress, body mass index and anthropometric markers: A cross-sectional study in general population of Karachi, Pakistan

Simple risk score to detect rural Asian Indian (Bangladeshi) adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes

Diabetes Prevention in a Challenging Environment

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