Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Drinking Water for School use in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand

Abstract

The promotion of school hygiene is typically covered along with topics like food borne disease, water borne disease, hand washing with soap, waste management and clean drinking water. WHO/UNICEF [1] presented data that 31%, 29%, and 79% of schools lack basic water facilities, basic sanitation facilities and basic hand washing facilities, respectively. There are various categories of drinking water, including improved sources, such as piped water and boreholes, and unimproved sources, which include surface waters and unprotected drinking wells [1]. Quality of drinking water in primary schools is well recognised in its importance because adequate water intake not only presents a quality of health in children, but it may also have a positive impact on cognition of children [2-4]. The heavy metals in drinking water most often linked to human poisoning are lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), which can be toxic even in low doses [5]. These studies indicate the potential for significant exposure to heavy metals to occur as a result of heavy metal contamination of school drinking water sources. Shotyk and Krachler [6] reported that water bottled in glass containers was contaminated with Pb due to leaching from the containers. Heavy metal concentrations are low when the water leaves the water supply, but the heavy metal concentrations may increase during transportation and storage in the distribution center [7]. Fertmann et al. [8] reported a concentration of Pb in tap water higher than the detection limit and showed significantly higher blood Pb levels. Badr et al. [9] found concentrations of chromium (Cr), Pb and iron (Fe) in drinking water that there were significantly higher in tap water samples compared to bottled water. In addition, blood creatinine and urea levels were positively correlated with Cr and Cd levels in subjects who were mainly drinking tap water. Filtration is a common way to obtain pure drinking water by removing particles and microorganisms based on size exclusion. Conventional water treatment systems were found, in general, while advanced technologies such as Actiflo® clarification sys

Biofilm-Enhanced Natural Zeolite Material in Purification Performance for Slaughterhouse Wastewater

“…The WHO has recommended a maximum allowable concentration of cadmium (Cd) in drinking water of 0.003 mg/L, which is equivalent to 3 µg/L (micrograms per liter). Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can have serious health implications, and its presence in drinking water should be minimized to prevent adverse health effects [47]. Expanding the analysis to encompass essential components, nitrates register an average concentration of 25.6 mg/L, drawing attention to their potential environmental impact.…”

Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements and Associated Health Risk in Bottled Drinking Water for Babies

“…Moreover, in the study conducted by Decharat and Pan-in, 2020 [15] on a number of 48 samples of bottled water intended for consumption in schools, it was observed that lead and cadmium levels were between 2.5-18 µg/L, respectively 0.16-1.3 µg/L. In the case of lead, only 4 samples exceeded the 10 µg/L limit imposed by the WHO guide [16], while cadmium did not exceed the 3 µg/L limit.…”